Uposatha

Hari uposatha (Pali; Sanskerta: उपवसथ, upavasatha; KBBI untuk istilah Hindu: upawasa) merupakan hari-hari bagi pengikut Buddhisme untuk melakukan perenungan dan pengamatan yang sudah dilakukan sejak masa kehidupan Buddha Gotama dan masih dipraktikkan hingga hari ini.^[1]^[2] Sang Buddha mengajarkan bahwa hari uposatha diperuntukkan "membersihkan pikiran dari hal-hal kotor," yang menyebabkan ketenangan batin dan kebahagiaan.^[3] Pada hari uposatha, umat awam (upasaka-upasika) dan para biksu-biksuni secara intensif akan berlatih ajaran Buddha dan memperdalam pengetahuan mereka. Selain itu, umat awam beraliran Theravāda juga dianjurkan untuk mengamalkan Astasila (Pali: Aṭṭhaṅgasīla), termasuk di dalamnya aturan untuk berpuasa dari tengah hari sampai matahari terbit (aturan keenam), penghindaran diri dari berbagai jenis hiburan (aturan ketujuh), dan penghindaran diri dari segala jenis aktivitas seksual (aturan ketiga). Umat awam yang beraliran Mahayana menjalankan aturan berpuasa daging dengan menjalankan praktik vegetarian.

Etimologi

Kata "uposatha" diturunkan dari bahasa Sanskerta "Upavasatha," yang mengacu pada hari puasa agama Weda (dikenal sebagai upawasa di Indonesia).^[4] Secara etimologis, kata uposatha sendiri biasanya diartikan sebagai "berdiam dalam, "berdiam dekat", "mengamalkan", "menjaga", dan "merawat".^[5]

Pada masa kehidupan Buddha Gotama, beberapa pertapa menggunakan bulan baru dan bulan purnama sebagai kesempatan untuk mengajarkan ajaran. Hari uposatha kemudian ditetapkan oleh Buddha Gotama atas permohonan Raja Bimbisara, dan Buddha menginstruksikan kepada para biksu dan biksuni untuk memberikan ajaran (ceramah) kepada para penduduk pada hari tersebut. Buddha juga menginstruksikan kepada murid-murid-Nya untuk mengulangi Patimokkha.^[6]

Nama-nama bulan

Tergantung dengan budaya dan tanggalnya, hari uposatha biasa dilakukan dari tanggal 2 sampai dengan 6 setiap bulannya dalam penanggalan Buddhisme. Nama-nama Pali untuk hari uposatha berdasarkan bahasa Sanskerta nakśatra (Pali: nakkhatta).^[7]

Nama-nama hari bulan penuh *uposatha*
Bulan	Pali	Sanskrit	Burmese	Sinhala	Thai
Januari	Phussa	Puṣya	Pyatho	Duruthu	Pusaya (ปุศยะ)
Februari	Māgha	Maghā	Tabodwe	Navam	Makha (มาฆะ)
Maret	Phagguṇa	Phalgunī	Tabaung	Medin (Maedhin)	Pholkuni (ผลคุณี)
April	Citta	Chitrā	Tagu	Bak	Chittra (จิตรา)
Mei	Visākhā	Viśākhā	Kason	Vesak	Visakha (วิสาขา)
Juni	Jeṭṭhā	Jyeṣṭha	Nayon	Poson	Chetta (เชษฐา)
Juli	Āsāḷhā	Aṣāḍhā	Waso	Esala (Aesala)	Asarnha (อาสาฬหะ)
Agustus	Sāvana	Śrāvaṇa	Wagaung	Nikini	Savana (สาวนะ)
September	Poṭṭhapāda	Bhādrapadā	Tawthalin	Binara	Phattarapratha (ภัทรปทา)
Oktober	Assayuja	Aśvinī	Thadingyut	Vap	Assavani (อัศวนี)
November	Kattikā	Kṛttikā	Tazaungmon	Il	Krittika (กฤติกา)
Desember	Māgasira	Mṛgaśiras	Natdaw	Unduvap	Maruekasira (มฤคศิระ)

Theravāda

Dalam kitab-kitab Pali, dikatakan bahwa hari uposatha jatuh pada hari ke-8 dan ke-14 atau ke-15 dari paruh terang atau paruh gelap (cātuddasi pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa). Jika paruh bulan (paksa atau pakkha) tersebut memiliki 15 hari maka yang dipakai adalah hari ke-15, tetapi bila hanya memiliki 14 hari maka yang dipakai adalah hari ke-14. Jadi, dalam satu bulan ada empat hari uposatha.^[5] Secara umum, uposatha dilakukan sekali dalam seminggu di negara-negara Theravada, sesuai dengan empat fase bulan: bulan baru, bulan purnama, dan dua kali bulan separuh (perbani atau kuartal awal dan terakhir). Di beberapa komunitas, seperti di Sri Lanka, hanya bulan baru dan bulan purnama para umat melakukan perenungan hari uposatha. Pada masa sebelum penjajahan, hari uposatha merupakan hari libur di Myanmar. Akan tetapi sejak masa penjajahan, hari Minggu telah menggantikan peranan hari uposatha. Selama hari uposatha, para biksu dan biksuni akan berkumpul dan mengulangi Patimokkha (sebuah kumpulan Vinaya).

Hari uposatha khusus

Secara umum terdapat empat hari uposatha spesial bagi kalangan umat Buddha, yaitu hari uposatha di bulan Magha yang merupakan hari raya Magha Puja, di bulan Waisak yang merupakan hari raya Waisak, di bulan Asadha yang merupakan hari raya Asadha Puja, dan di bulan Kathina yang merupakan hari raya Kathina.

Mahayana

Di beberapa negara-negara Mahayana yang menggunakan penanggalan Cina, hari uposatha dilakukan enam kali dalam sebulan, yaitu pada tanggal 8, 14, 15, 23, dan dua hari terakhir pada setiap bulannya. Di Jepang, enam hari ini dikenal dengan sebutan roku sainichi (六斎日code: ja is deprecated , Enam Hari Puasa).

Lihat juga

Catatan

^ For a description of the contemporary practice of the Uposatha in Thailand, see Khantipalo (1982a), which is also excerpted in this article below. Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 3, also underlines the continuity of the ancient uposatha practice in Sri Lanka: "The poya [Sinhala for uposatha] observance, which is as old as Buddhism itself, has been followed by the Sinhala Buddhists up to the present day, even after the Christian calendar came to be used for secular matters. Owing to its significance in the religious life of the local Buddhists, all the full-moon days have been declared public holidays by the government."
^ The uposatha day is sometimes likened to the Judeo-Christian notion of the Sabbath. Pali English dictionaries that define "Uposatha" as "Sabbath," are Buddhadatta (2002), p. 63, and, and PED(Rhys-Davids & Stede,1921-25), p. 151. For an example of the Uposatha being equated with Sabbath by a modern Buddhist master, see Mahasi (undated), p. 2, where he writes: "For lay people, these rules [of discipline] comprise the eight precepts which Buddhist devotees observe on the Sabbath days (uposatha) and during periods of meditation." Harvey (1990), p. 192, also refers to the uposatha as "sabbath-like."
^ Thanissaro (1997b); Anguttara Nikaya 3.70: Muluposatha Sutta.
^ "Uposatha". DhammaCitta. Diakses tanggal 2024-09-01.
^ ^a ^b Bhikkhu Ratanadhīro (April 2017). "Aṭṭhasīla" (PDF). Vidyāsenā Production. hlm. 62. Diakses tanggal Juni 2022.
^ Rhys Davids & Oldenberg (1881), pp. 240-41. Also see Khantipalo (1982a) and Pali English Dictionary(Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-25, p. 152).
^ See Nakshatra, Hindu calendar, Sanskrit English Dictionary by Monier Williams, s.v. 'nakśatra'.

Referensi

Buddhadatta Mahathera, A. P. (2002). Concise Pali-English Dictionary. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0605-0.
Bullitt, John T. (2005). Uposatha Observance Days. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha.html.
Dhammayut Order in the United States of America (1994). A Chanting Guide. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammayut/chanting.html.
Harvey, Peter (1990). An introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, history and practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-31333-3.
Kariyawasam, A.G.S. (1995). Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka (The Wheel Publication No. 402/404). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "Access to Insight" (1996 transcription) at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html.
Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1982a). Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence (The Wheel No. 206/207). Kandy, Sri Lanka:Buddhist Publication Society. Also transcribed (1995) and available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html.
Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1982b). Visakhuposatha Sutta: The Discourse to Visakha on the Uposatha with the Eight Practices [AN 8.43]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.043.khan.html.
Mahasi Sayadaw (undated). Practical Vipassana Exercises. Buddha Dharma Education Association. Available on-line at http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/mahasit1.pdf.
Ñanavara Thera (Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya) & Bhikkhu Kantasilo (trans.) (1993). Uposatha Sila: The Eight-Precept Observance. Thailand:The Office of the Secretary of the Supreme Patriarch. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanavara/Uposatha.html.
Narada Thera (trans.) (1985). Maha-mangala Sutta: Blessings [Sn 2.4]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.04.nara.html.
Nyanaponika Thera and Bhikkhu Bodhi (trans. and ed.) (1999). Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from the Anguttara Nikaya. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. ISBN 0-7425-0405-0.
Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999a). Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Discourse on Loving-kindness [Sn 1.8]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.piya.html.
Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999b). Ratana Sutta: The Jewel Discourse [Sn 2.1]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.01.piya.html.
Rhys Davids,T.W. & Hermann Oldenberg (trans.) ([1881]). Vinaya Texts (Part I). Oxford:Clarendon Press. Available on-line at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1313.htm. The chapter on the Uposatha, "Second Khandhaka (The Uposatha Ceremony, and the Pâtimokkha)," is available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1313.htm. The chapter on Pavarana Day, "Fourth Khandhaka (The Parâvanâ Ceremony)," is available at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe13/sbe1315.htm.
Rhys Davids, T.W., and William Stede, The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary, 1921–25. Pali Text Society, London: Chipstead. The entry on "Uposatha" is available on-line at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4011.pali^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1993). Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion [SN 56.11]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). Buddhavagga: Awakened [ Dhp XIV]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/dhp/dhp.14.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). Muluposatha Sutta: The Roots of the Uposatha [AN 3.70]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.070.than.html.
Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1999). The Ten Recollections: A Study Guide. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/recollections.html.
Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). Anapanasati Sutta: Mindfulness of Breathing [MN 118]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.118.than.html.

Pranala luar

"Buddhist Ceremonies: Festivals and Special Days", on www.buddhanet.net
"Calendar of Uposatha Days" (2011) Diarsipkan 2012-06-04 di Wayback Machine., (2010) Diarsipkan 2012-06-04 di Wayback Machine., (2009) Diarsipkan 2013-02-04 di Wayback Machine. on www.accesstoinsight.org.
"The Rituals and Festivals of the Buddhist Life" Diarsipkan 2006-12-08 di Wayback Machine., by Robert C. Lester (1987), on buddhistgateway.com.

[1] For a description of the contemporary practice of the Uposatha in Thailand, see Khantipalo (1982a), which is also excerpted in this article below. Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 3, also underlines the continuity of the ancient uposatha practice in Sri Lanka: "The poya [Sinhala for uposatha] observance, which is as old as Buddhism itself, has been followed by the Sinhala Buddhists up to the present day, even after the Christian calendar came to be used for secular matters. Owing to its significance in the religious life of the local Buddhists, all the full-moon days have been declared public holidays by the government."

[2] The uposatha day is sometimes likened to the Judeo-Christian notion of the Sabbath. Pali English dictionaries that define "Uposatha" as "Sabbath," are Buddhadatta (2002), p. 63, and, and PED(Rhys-Davids & Stede,1921-25), p. 151. For an example of the Uposatha being equated with Sabbath by a modern Buddhist master, see Mahasi (undated), p. 2, where he writes: "For lay people, these rules [of discipline] comprise the eight precepts which Buddhist devotees observe on the Sabbath days (uposatha) and during periods of meditation." Harvey (1990), p. 192, also refers to the uposatha as "sabbath-like."

[3] Thanissaro (1997b); Anguttara Nikaya 3.70: Muluposatha Sutta.

[4] "Uposatha". DhammaCitta. Diakses tanggal 2024-09-01.

[atthasila-5] Bhikkhu Ratanadhīro (April 2017). "Aṭṭhasīla" (PDF). Vidyāsenā Production. hlm. 62. Diakses tanggal Juni 2022.

[6] Rhys Davids & Oldenberg (1881), pp. 240-41. Also see Khantipalo (1982a) and Pali English Dictionary(Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-25, p. 152).

[7] See Nakshatra, Hindu calendar, Sanskrit English Dictionary by Monier Williams, s.v. 'nakśatra'.

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