Siddhattha Gotama dalam agama-agama dunia

Siddhattha Gotama, pendiri Buddhisme, juga dihormati sebagai manifestasi Tuhan dalam Hinduisme dan Iman Baháʼí.^[1] Beberapa teks Hindu menganggap Sang Buddha sebagai avatar dewa Wisnu, yang datang ke Bumi untuk menipu makhluk agar menjauh dari agama Weda.^[2] Beberapa Muslim non-denominasi dan Quranis percaya bahwa dia adalah seorang nabi. Ia juga dianggap sebagai nabi oleh Ahmadiyah.^[3]

Hinduisme

Taoisme, Konfusianisme dan Shintoisme

Agama Buddha telah memainkan peranan penting dalam perkembangan kebudayaan dan agama-agama Asia Timur seperti Taoisme dan Kong Hu Cu di Cina dan Shinto di Jepang. Bahkan beberapa Taoist-Buddhis Cina awal menganggap Buddha sebagai reinkarnasi dari Lao Tzu.^[4]

Di Jepang, karena salah satu simbol Dainichi Nyorai (salah satu dari Buddha non-historis dalam Buddhisme Mahayana) adalah matahari, banyak yang beranggapan bahwa Amaterasu, Dewi Matahari (dewa utama dalam keyakinan Shinto), adalah reinkarnasi dari bodhisattwa Dainichi Nyorai.

Ahmadiyah

Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Khalifah ke-4 dari komunitas Muslim Ahmadiyah, di dalam bukunya Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth, menyebutkan bahwa Buddha sesungguhnya adalah seorang Nabi Tuhan yang mengajarkan monotheisme. Dia mengutip dari inskripsi stupa Ashoka yang menyebutkan "Isa'na" yang berarti Tuhan.^[5] Komunitas Muslim Ahmadiyah memegan pandangan bahwa Buddha sesungguhnya adalah nabi yang menerima wahyu dari Tuhan.

Mirza Tahir Ahmad juga menyebutkan bahwa salah satu figur Qur'an yang disebut Zulkifli bisa jadi adalah Buddha.^[6]

Kekristenan dan Yudaisme

Legenda Yunani "Barlaam dan Josaphat", yang kemudian menjadi cerita utama dari Santo dalam agama Kristen dan kemudian menyebar luas dalam berbagai versi termasuk bahasa Arab dan Georgia sesungguhnya berasal dari cerita kehidupan Buddha Gautama. Raja yang berubah menjadi seorang biarawan (Georgia Iodasaph, Arab Yūdhasaf atau Būdhasaf: dalam bahasa Arab "b" dapat dibaca "y").^[7]^[8]

Cerita ini diterjemahkan kedalam bahasa Hebrew pada abad ke-13 Masehi oleh Abraham Ibn Chisdai (atau Hasdai) sebagai "Ben-Hamelekh Vehanazir" ("Sang Pangeran dan orang-orang Nazirite"), dan dibaca luas oleh umat Yahudi saat ini.^[9]

Iman Bahá'í

Menurut pandangan Bahá'í, Buddha diklasifikasikan sebagai salah satu menifestasi (perwujudan) Tuhan dan merupakan salah satu nabi utama dalam keyakinan Bahá'í.^[10] Demikian pula, nabi Bahá'í yakni Bahá'u'lláh, disebut sebagai Buddha Kelima.^[11]

Catatan

^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Manifestations of God". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. hlm. 231. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
^ Nagendra Kumar Singh (1997). "Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas". Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Volume 7. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. hlm. 260–275. ISBN 978-81-7488-168-7. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}. List of Hindu scripture that declares Gautama Buddha as 9th Avatar of Vishnu is as follows [Harivamsha (1.41) Vishnu Purana (3.18) Bhagavata Purana (1.3.24, 2.7.37, 11.4.23 Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24 Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24 Diarsipkan 26 September 2007 di Wayback Machine., Garuda Purana (1.1, 2.30.37, 3.15.26) Agni Purana (160.Narada Purana (2.72)Linga Purana (2.71) Padma Purana (3.252) etc. Bhagavata Purana, Canto 1, Chapter 3 Diarsipkan 21 May 2013 di Wayback Machine. - SB 1.3.24: "Then, in the beginning of Kali-yuga, the Lord will appear as Lord Buddha, the son of Anjana, in the province of Gaya, just for the purpose of deluding those who are envious of the faithful theist." ... The Bhavishya Purana contains the following: "At this time, reminded of the Kali Age, the god Vishnu became born as Gautama, the Shakyamuni, and taught the Buddhist dharma for ten years. Then Shuddodana ruled for twenty years, and Shakyasimha for twenty. At the first stage of the Kali Age, the path of the Vedas was destroyed and all men became Buddhists. Those who sought refuge with Vishnu were deluded." Found in Wendy O'Flaherty, Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology. University of California Press, 1976, page 203. Note also SB 1.3.28: "All of the above-mentioned incarnations [avatars] are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord [Krishna or Vishnu]"
^ "Buddha and Jesus".
^ The Cambridge History of China, Vol.1, (The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC—220 BC) ISBN 0-521-24327-0 hardback
^ [1] Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth, Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Chapter, Buddhism.
^ http://www.alislam.org/books/study-of-islam/prophets.html
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Barlaam and Josaphat". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica Article on Barlaam and Josaphat".
^ "ben ha-melekh ve-ha-nazir". encyclopedia.com. Diakses tanggal 22 mei 2021.
^ Hornby, Helen Bassett (1994). Lights of Guidance: A Bahá'í Reference File. Bahá'í Publishing Trust (New Deli, India), p. 502 (#1684). ISBN 81-85091-46-3
^ The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Bahá'í Publishing Trust (Wilmette, Illinois, USA), p. 233 (#1684). ISBN 0-85398-999-0

[PSmith-1] Smith, Peter (2000). "Manifestations of God". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. hlm. 231. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.

[2] Nagendra Kumar Singh (1997). "Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas". Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Volume 7. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. hlm. 260–275. ISBN 978-81-7488-168-7. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}. List of Hindu scripture that declares Gautama Buddha as 9th Avatar of Vishnu is as follows [Harivamsha (1.41) Vishnu Purana (3.18) Bhagavata Purana (1.3.24, 2.7.37, 11.4.23 Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24 Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24 Diarsipkan 26 September 2007 di Wayback Machine., Garuda Purana (1.1, 2.30.37, 3.15.26) Agni Purana (160.Narada Purana (2.72)Linga Purana (2.71) Padma Purana (3.252) etc. Bhagavata Purana, Canto 1, Chapter 3 Diarsipkan 21 May 2013 di Wayback Machine. - SB 1.3.24: "Then, in the beginning of Kali-yuga, the Lord will appear as Lord Buddha, the son of Anjana, in the province of Gaya, just for the purpose of deluding those who are envious of the faithful theist." ... The Bhavishya Purana contains the following: "At this time, reminded of the Kali Age, the god Vishnu became born as Gautama, the Shakyamuni, and taught the Buddhist dharma for ten years. Then Shuddodana ruled for twenty years, and Shakyasimha for twenty. At the first stage of the Kali Age, the path of the Vedas was destroyed and all men became Buddhists. Those who sought refuge with Vishnu were deluded." Found in Wendy O'Flaherty, Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology. University of California Press, 1976, page 203. Note also SB 1.3.28: "All of the above-mentioned incarnations [avatars] are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord [Krishna or Vishnu]"

[3] "Buddha and Jesus".

[4] The Cambridge History of China, Vol.1, (The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC—220 BC) ISBN 0-521-24327-0 hardback

[5] [1] Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth, Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Chapter, Buddhism.

[6] ttp://www.alislam.org/books/study-of-islam/prophets.html

[CatholicEncyclopedia-7] Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Barlaam and Josaphat". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[8] "Encyclopaedia Britannica Article on Barlaam and Josaphat".

[9] "ben ha-melekh ve-ha-nazir". encyclopedia.com. Diakses tanggal 22 mei 2021.

[10] Hornby, Helen Bassett (1994). Lights of Guidance: A Bahá'í Reference File. Bahá'í Publishing Trust (New Deli, India), p. 502 (#1684). ISBN 81-85091-46-3

[11] The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Bahá'í Publishing Trust (Wilmette, Illinois, USA), p. 233 (#1684). ISBN 0-85398-999-0

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