Wikipedia

Sekretaris Presiden Amerika Serikat

Sekretaris Presiden merupakan jabatan lama dalam pemerintahan Amerika Serikat, yang dikenal dengan banyak gelar berbeda sepanjang sejarahnya.

Abraham Lincoln dan para sekretarisnya, John G. Nicolay dan John Hay difoto oleh Alexander Gardner pada tanggal 8 November 1863 di Washington, D.C.

Pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, ini adalah jabatan Gedung Putih yang melaksanakan semua tugas yang sekarang tersebar di seluruh Kantor Gedung Putih. Sekretaris akan bertindak sebagai penyangga antara presiden dan masyarakat, mengurusi jadwal dan janji temu presiden, mengurus korespondensi presiden, mengelola staf, berkomunikasi dengan pers serta menjadi pembantu dekat dan penasihat presiden dengan cara yang sering kali memerlukan keterampilan dan kebijaksanaan besar. Dalam hal pangkat, jabatan ini merupakan pendahulu bagi Kepala Staf Gedung Putih yang modern hingga pembentukan jabatan tersebut pada tahun 1946.

Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, jabatan tersebut dikenal sebagai "sekretaris janji temu", orang yang menjaga waktu presiden. Ia memiliki tanggung jawab untuk bertindak sebagai 'penjaga gerbang' dan memutuskan siapa yang bisa bertemu dengan presiden.

Jabatan sekretaris presiden yang modern diisi oleh seorang asisten administratif atau asisten pribadi di departemen Operasi Kantor Oval Kantor Gedung Putih yang memiliki meja kerja langsung di luar Kantor Oval.

Daftar sekretaris presiden

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Sekretaris Pribadi

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1789–1793
1794–1797
 
 Tobias Lear[a] George Washington
1789–1791
 
 May. William Jackson[b]
1797–1801
 
 William Smith Shaw John Adams
1801–1803
 
 Kapt. Meriwether Lewis Thomas Jefferson
1803–1804 Lewis Harvie
1804–1805
 
 William A. Burwell
1805–1809
 
 Isaac Coles
1810–1815
 
 Edward Coles James Madison
1816–1817 James Payne Todd
1817–1820 Joseph Jones Monroe James Monroe
1820–1825 Samuel L. Gouverneur
1825–1829
 
 John Adams II John Quincy Adams
1829–1831
 
 Andrew Jackson Donelson Andrew Jackson
1831
 
 Nicholas Trist
1831–1837
 
 Andrew Jackson Donelson
1837–1841
 
 Abraham Van Buren II Martin Van Buren
1841 Henry Huntington Harrison William Henry Harrison
1841–1845
 
 John Tyler Jr. John Tyler
1845–1849 Joseph Knox Walker[c] James K. Polk
1849–1850
 
 Kapt. William Wallace Smith Bliss Zachary Taylor
1850–1853
 
 Millard Powers Fillmore Millard Fillmore
1853–1857 Sidney Webster Franklin Pierce
  1. ^ Washington had several young assistant secretaries who made copies of his correspondence. Among these were
    Robert "Bob" Lewis, Howell Lewis, Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., and George Washington Craik.
  2. ^ As aide-de-camp.
  3. ^ His wife Sarah Childress Polk, it is said, too was his personal secretary.

Sekretaris Pribadi Gedung Putih

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1857–1859
 
 James Buchanan Henry James Buchanan
1859–1861 James Buchanan II
1861–1865
 
 John G. Nicolay Abraham Lincoln
1861–1865
 
 May. John Hay[a]
1865 Kol. William A. Browning Andrew Johnson
1865 Kol. Reuben D. Mussey Jr.[a]
1865–1869
 
 Brig. Jend. Robert Johnson[b]
1867 Edmund Cooper
1866–1869 Kol. William G. Moore[a]
1869–1873
 
 Robert M. Douglas[c] Ulysses S. Grant
1869–1872
 
 Kol. Horace Porter[a]
1869–1873
 
 Brig. Jend. Frederick Tracy Dent[a]
1869–1876
 
 Kol. Orville E. Babcock[a]
1873–1876 Kol. Levi P. Luckey[c]
1876–1877
 
 Ulysses S. Grant Jr.[c]
1877–1881
 
 Webb C. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes
1881
 
 Joseph Stanley Brown James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
1881–1885 Fred J. Phillips
1885–1889
 
 Col. Daniel Scott Lamont Grover Cleveland
1889–1893
 
 May. Elijah W. Halford Benjamin Harrison
1893–1896 Henry T. Thurber Grover Cleveland
  1. ^ a b c d e f As Military Secretary.
  2. ^ "Bob," as he was called, was an alcoholic and was in asylums for treatment during several periods of his father's presidency.[1]
  3. ^ a b c Grant was closer to his military secretaries who did most of the work normally associated with the Private Secretary.

Sekretaris Presiden

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1897–1900
 
 John Addison Porter William McKinley
1900–1903
 
 George B. Cortelyou
Theodore Roosevelt
1903–1909
 
 William Loeb Jr.
1909–1910
 
 Fred W. Carpenter William Howard Taft
1910–1911
 
 Charles D. Norton
1911–1912
 
 Charles D. Hilles
1912
 
 Carmi Thompson
1913–1921
 
 Joseph Tumulty Woodrow Wilson
1921–1923
 
 George B. Christian Jr. Warren G. Harding
1923–1925
 
 C. Bascom Slemp Calvin Coolidge
1925–1929
 
 Everett Sanders
1929–1933
 
 Walter H. Newton Herbert Hoover
1933–1936
 
 Kol. Louis McHenry Howe Franklin D. Roosevelt
1937–1938
 
 James Roosevelt
1941–1943
 
 Kol. Marvin H. McIntyre[a]
1944–1952 William D. Hassett[a]
Harry S. Truman
1952–1953 Beth Campbell Short[a]
  1. ^ a b c As "Correspondence Secretary to the President"

Sekretaris Janji Temu

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1929–1931
 
 George E. Akerson[a] Herbert Hoover
1931–1933
 
 Ted Joslin[a]
1933–1938
 
 Marvin H. McIntyre[b] Franklin D. Roosevelt
1938–1945
 
 Edwin "Pa" Watson
1945–1953
 
 Matthew J. Connelly
Harry S. Truman
1953   Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr.
On leave 		Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953–1955 Thomas Stephens
Acting during Vandenberg's term
1955–1957 Bernard M. Shanley
1957–1958
 
 Bob Gray
1958–1961 Thomas Stephens
1961–1963
 
 Kenneth O'Donnell[c] John F. Kennedy
1963–1965
 
 Jack Valenti[c] Lyndon B. Johnson
1965–1968
 
 W. Marvin Watson[c]
1968–1969
 
 James R. Jones[c]
1969–1973
 
 Dwight Chapin Richard Nixon
1973–1974 Stephen B. Bull[2]
1974–1977
 
 Warren S. Rustand Gerald Ford
1977–1978
 
 Timothy Kraft Jimmy Carter
1978–1981 Phil J. Wise
  1. ^ a b As Appointments and Press Secretary.
  2. ^ Before 1937 the title was only "Assistant Secretary to Appointments".
  3. ^ a b c d De facto White House Chief of Staff.

Sekretaris pribadi presiden

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Tahun Gambar Sekretaris Presiden
1933–1941   Missy LeHand Franklin D. Roosevelt
1941–1945 Grace Tully
1945–1953   Rose Conway Harry S. Truman
1953–1961   Ann C. Whitman Dwight D. Eisenhower
1961–1963   Evelyn Lincoln John F. Kennedy
1963–1969   Gerri Whittington Lyndon B. Johnson
1969–1974   Rose Mary Woods Richard Nixon
1974–1977 Dorothy E. Downton Gerald Ford
1977–1981   Susan Clough Jimmy Carter
1981–1989 Kathleen Osborne Ronald Reagan
1989–1993 Linda Casey George H. W. Bush
1993–2001   Betty Currie Bill Clinton
2001–2005   Ashley Estes Kavanaugh George W. Bush
2005–2009   Karen E. Keller
2009–2011   Katie Johnson Barack Obama
2011–2014   Anita Decker Breckenridge
2014–2017 Ferial Govashiri
2017–2019   Madeleine Westerhout Donald Trump
2019–2021 Molly Michael[3][4]
2021–2022 Ashley Williams[a][5] Joe Biden
2022–2024 Julia Reed[b][6]
2024–present Drew Rodriguez[b]
  1. ^ As Deputy Director of Oval Office Operations
  2. ^ a b As Confidential Aide to the President

Referensi

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  1. ^ Bergeron, Paul H. (2001). "Robert Johnson: The President's Troubled and Troubling Son". Journal of East Tennessee History. Knoxville, TN: East Tennessee Historical Society. 73: 1–22. ISSN 1058-2126. OCLC 760067571. 
  2. ^ "Stephen B. Bull (White House Special Files: Staff Member and Office Files) | Richard Nixon Museum and Library". www.nixonlibrary.gov. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-02-13. Diakses tanggal 2019-02-13. 
  3. ^ "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2019-06-28. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-01-20. 
  4. ^ "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2020-06-26. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2021-01-20. 
  5. ^ Kumar, Anita (3 February 2021). "In Biden's White House, surprise visits with staff replace late-night tweets". POLITICO (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 5 February 2021. 
  6. ^ "Annual report to congress on white house office personnel" (PDF). 2023-06-30. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2023-06-30. 

Daftar pustaka

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