Permainan bermain peran

Permainan bermain peran atau permainan peran (bahasa Inggris: role-playing game atau disingkat RPG) adalah sebuah permainan di mana pemainnya memainkan peran karakter dalam latar fiksi.^[1] Pemain bertanggung jawab untuk memerankan peran ini dalam sebuah narasi, baik dengan melakukan peranan, melalui proses pengambilan keputusan yang terstruktur, atau pengembangan karakter. Tindakan yang diambil saat memerankan peran dapat dikatakan benar atau salah tergantung pada sistem aturan dan pedoman yang formal.^[2]

Dadu yang digunakan dalam permainan peran Dungeons & Dragons.

RPG terdiri atas beberapa bentuk. Bentuk aslinya sering disebut sebagai permainan bermain peran di atas meja, yang dilakukan dengan diskusi, sedangkan pada permainan peran laga langsung, pemain bertindak secara fisik untuk memerankan karakter yang dimainkannya. Dalam kedua bentuk ini terdapat pengatur permainan yang disebut Game Master (GM) yang biasanya memutuskan aturan dan pengaturan yang akan digunakan. Game Master juga bertindak sebagai wasit, sementara pemain lainnya memainkan perannya masing-masing.^[3]

Beberapa jenis RPG juga terdapat pada media elektronik, seperti pada MUD berbasis teks banyak-pemain dan penerusnya yang berbasis grafis, yaitu permainan peran daring banyak pemain masif. Permainan bermain peran juga mencakup permainan video bermain peran dengan pemain tunggal, di mana pemain mengendali karakter atau regu yang menjalankan suatu misi, dan dapat mencakup kemampuan penggunaan statistik mekanis yang maju. Permainan ini memiliki pengaturan dan peraturan yang sama dengan permainan bermain peran di atas meja, tetapi menekankan kemajuan karakter daripada cerita yang kolaboratif.

Meskipun memiliki berbagai macam bentuk, tetapi permainan perang dan pertukaran kartu tidak termasuk dalam permainan bermain peran. Istilah ini juga kadang digunakan untuk menggambarkan permainan simulasi, dan juga latihan yang digunakan dalam pengajaran, pelatihan, dan penelitian akademis.

Sejarah

Permainan bermain peran pertama yang tersedia secara komersial adalah Dungeons & Dragons atau disingkat dengan D&D yang mulai dirilis pada tahun 1974.^[4] Jeremy Parish menyatakan bahwa para pengembang permainan dari Jepang menciptakan cabang baru dari permainan ini yang dikombinasikan dengan beberapa elemen aksi petualangan bergaya arcade.^[5] Shaun Musgrave mencatat bahwa kombinasi ini terjadi karena kecenderungan dari industri permainan barat yang kerap memisahkan aspek demografi antara permainan aksi dan permainan bermain peran. ^[6] Perubahan penting pada genre permainan bermain peran yaitu adanya permainan pertualangan aksi The Legend of Zelda di tahun 1986 yang menjadi acuan dari perubahan di masa datang. ^[7]

Tujuan

RPG di atas meja dianggap sebagai bentuk teknik bercerita yang kolaboratif dan interaktif bagi para penulis dan penerbit.^[8]^[9]^[10] Struktur yang berbentuk narasi, ragam karakter, dan kejadian selama permainan menghadirkan kesan pengalaman yang naratif, dan RPG tidak memerlukan alur cerita yang jelas.^[11] Pola interaksi antar pemain menjadi kunci pembeda antara RPG dan cerita tradisional karena pemain di RPG dapat menentukan alur cerita berdasarkan keinginan mereka sedangkan penonton di pertunjukan, misalnya di televisi, hanya dapat menjadi penyimak pasif.^[12]

Selain itu, permainan ini juga dapat dimanfaatkan aturan terapi untuk membantu orang-orang mengembangkan kemampuan bahasa, sosial, bahkan tingkah laku mereka.^[13] Manfaat ini mendominasi anak muda dengan kondisi perkembangan saraf, seperti penyakit spektrum autisme^[14], gangguan hiperaktif defisit perhatian (ADHD), dan disliksia.^[15]^[16]

Referensi

^ Pat Harrigan, Noah Wardrip-Fruin (2010). Second Person: Role-playing and Story in Games and Playable Media. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262514187.
^ Bycer, Joshua (2023-09-01). Subgenres of RPGs. Boca Raton: CRC Press. hlm. 62–83. ISBN 978-1-003-33159-9.
^ John H. Kim (2008-07-29). ""Narrative" or "Tabletop" RPGs". Darkshire. Diakses tanggal 2016-12-19.
^ Egie (2022-07-21). "Simak Tampilan Para Cast Dungeons & Dragons!". Greenscene. Diakses tanggal 2022-08-21.
^ January. Routledge. 2015-05-05. hlm. 10–27. ISBN 978-0-429-25740-7.
^ "Musgrave, Sir James, (11 July 1829–22 Feb. 1904)". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 2007-12-01.
^ "Goodier, Most Rev. Alban, (14 April 1869–13 March 1939)". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 2007-12-01.
^ GURPS (4th ed.). Steve Jackson Games. 2004. pp. Chapter 1. But roleplaying is not purely educational. It's also one of the most creative possible entertainments. Most entertainment is passive: the audience just sits and watches, without taking part in the creative process. In roleplaying, the "audience" joins in the creation, which may introduce a huge impact on the project. The GM is the chief storyteller, but the players are responsible for portraying their characters. If they want something to happen in the story, they make it happen, because they're in the story.
^ Werewolf: The Apocalypse (2nd ed.) White Wolf Publishing. 1994. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-1-56504-112-7. Although Werewolf is a game, it is more concerned with storytelling than it is with winning. Werewolf is a tool enabling you to become involved in tales of passion and glory and to help tell those stories yourself.
^ Dungeons & Dragons Player's Handbook (4th ed.). Wizards of the Coast. 6 June 2008. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-7869-4867-3. A roleplaying game is a storytelling game that has elements of the games of make-believe that many of us played as children.
^ (Heliö 2004) "Still, we must note that there is no actual story in the game of the role-playing game, though there are events, characters, and structures of narrativity giving the players the basis for interpreting it as a narrative. We have many partially open structures that we may fulfill with our imagination during the course of the game – within its limitations. We also have the ability to follow different kinds of narrative premises and structures as well as imitate them for ourselves to create more authentic and suitable narrative experiences. We have the 'narrative desire' to make pieces we interpret to relate to each other fit in, to construct the plot from recurring and parallel elements."
^ Waskul, Dennis; Lust, Matt (2004). "Role-Playing and Playing Roles: The Person, Player, and Persona in Fantasy Role-Playing" (PDF). Caliber. 27 (3): 333–356. doi:10.1525/si.2004.27.3.333.
^ White, Catriona (3 May 2017). "Dungeons & Dragons is now being used as therapy". BBC Three. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^ "COVID-19 guide – Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC)". NHS England. National Health Service, United Kingdom. 7 June 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023. ASC is a 'spectrum condition' meaning that, while all people with autism share certain difficulties, their condition affects them in different ways.
^ Berg, Chris (25 October 2016). "Dungeons of the mind: Tabletop RPGs as social therapy". Kill Screen. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^ Leung, Ethan (2 April 2018). "Helping dyslexic students with role-playing games". The New Paper. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

Pranala luar

Media tentang Permainan peran di Wikimedia Commons
Permainan bermain peran di Curlie (dari DMOZ)

[secondperson-1] Pat Harrigan, Noah Wardrip-Fruin (2010). Second Person: Role-playing and Story in Games and Playable Media. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262514187.

[2] Bycer, Joshua (2023-09-01). Subgenres of RPGs. Boca Raton: CRC Press. hlm. 62–83. ISBN 978-1-003-33159-9.

[3] John H. Kim (2008-07-29). ""Narrative" or "Tabletop" RPGs". Darkshire. Diakses tanggal 2016-12-19.

[4] Egie (2022-07-21). "Simak Tampilan Para Cast Dungeons & Dragons!". Greenscene. Diakses tanggal 2022-08-21.

[5] January. Routledge. 2015-05-05. hlm. 10–27. ISBN 978-0-429-25740-7.

[6] "Musgrave, Sir James, (11 July 1829–22 Feb. 1904)". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 2007-12-01.

[7] "Goodier, Most Rev. Alban, (14 April 1869–13 March 1939)". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 2007-12-01.

[8] GURPS (4th ed.). Steve Jackson Games. 2004. pp. Chapter 1. But roleplaying is not purely educational. It's also one of the most creative possible entertainments. Most entertainment is passive: the audience just sits and watches, without taking part in the creative process. In roleplaying, the "audience" joins in the creation, which may introduce a huge impact on the project. The GM is the chief storyteller, but the players are responsible for portraying their characters. If they want something to happen in the story, they make it happen, because they're in the story.

[9] Werewolf: The Apocalypse (2nd ed.) White Wolf Publishing. 1994. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-1-56504-112-7. Although Werewolf is a game, it is more concerned with storytelling than it is with winning. Werewolf is a tool enabling you to become involved in tales of passion and glory and to help tell those stories yourself.

[10] Dungeons & Dragons Player's Handbook (4th ed.). Wizards of the Coast. 6 June 2008. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-7869-4867-3. A roleplaying game is a storytelling game that has elements of the games of make-believe that many of us played as children.

[11] (Heliö 2004) "Still, we must note that there is no actual story in the game of the role-playing game, though there are events, characters, and structures of narrativity giving the players the basis for interpreting it as a narrative. We have many partially open structures that we may fulfill with our imagination during the course of the game – within its limitations. We also have the ability to follow different kinds of narrative premises and structures as well as imitate them for ourselves to create more authentic and suitable narrative experiences. We have the 'narrative desire' to make pieces we interpret to relate to each other fit in, to construct the plot from recurring and parallel elements."

[12] Waskul, Dennis; Lust, Matt (2004). "Role-Playing and Playing Roles: The Person, Player, and Persona in Fantasy Role-Playing" (PDF). Caliber. 27 (3): 333–356. doi:10.1525/si.2004.27.3.333.

[13] White, Catriona (3 May 2017). "Dungeons & Dragons is now being used as therapy". BBC Three. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

[14] "COVID-19 guide – Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC)". NHS England. National Health Service, United Kingdom. 7 June 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023. ASC is a 'spectrum condition' meaning that, while all people with autism share certain difficulties, their condition affects them in different ways.

[15] Berg, Chris (25 October 2016). "Dungeons of the mind: Tabletop RPGs as social therapy". Kill Screen. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

[16] Leung, Ethan (2 April 2018). "Helping dyslexic students with role-playing games". The New Paper. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

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