Neokonservatisme

Neokonservatisme (biasa disingkat neokon) adalah aliran politik yang lahir di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1960-an di kalangan Demokrat yang tidak sepakat dengan kebijakan dalam dan luar negeri partainya. Sebagian besar pengikutnya mulai dikenal khalayak pada masa pemerintahan Republik tahun 1970-an, 1980-an, 1990-an, dan 2000-an. Jumlah neokonservatif meningkat pada masa pemerintahan George W. Bush dan George H.W. Bush karena mereka berperan besar dalam perencanaan invasi Irak 2003.^[1] Neokonservatif ternama pada masa pemerintahan George W. Bush adalah Paul Wolfowitz, John Bolton, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, dan Paul Bremer. Meski tidak mengaku neokonservatif, Wakil Presiden Dick Cheney dan Menteri Pertahanan Donald Rumsfeld mengikuti saran penasihat neokonservatif dalam hal kebijakan luar negeri, khususnya pertahanan Israel dan penyebaran demokrasi di Timur Tengah. Kaum neokonservatif masih memengaruhi pemerintahan Obama. Ideologi neokonservatif terus menjadi faktor penentu kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat.^[2]^[3]

Istilah "neokonservatif" mengacu pada orang-orang yang beralih dari Kiri anti-Stalinis ke konservatisme Amerika Serikat.^[4] Kaum neokonservatif biasanya mendukung penyebaran demokrasi dan kepentingan nasional Amerika Serikat dalam hubungan internasional, salah satunya lewat serangan militer. Mereka juga dikenal membenci komunisme dan radikalisme politik.^[5]^[6] Gagasan aliran ini pertama kali muncul di majalah bulanan Yahudi, Commentary, yang diterbitkan olehAmerican Jewish Committee.^[7]^[8] Mereka menolak aliran Kiri Baru dan merintis aliran neokonservatisme.^[9]^[10] C. Bradley Thompson, dosen Clemson University, mengklaim bahwa sebagian besar neokonservatif ternama bergantung pada pemikiran Leo Strauss (1899–1973),^[11] meski Strauss sendiri tidak mendukung penafsiran kaum neokonservatif.

Publikasi dan lembaga neokonservatif

Lembaga

Publikasi

Lihat pula

Catatan kaki

^ Jeffrey Record (2010). Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq. Potomac Books, Inc. hlm. 47–50.
^ Homolar-Riechmann, Alexandra (2009). "The moral purpose of US power: neoconservatism in the age of Obama". Contemporary Politics. 15 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1080/13569770902858111.
^ Robert Singh, "Neoconservatism in the age of Obama,"" in Inderjeet Parmar and Linda B. Miller, eds., Obama and the World: New Directions in US Foreign Policy (Routledge 2014) pp 29-40
^ Justin Vaïsse, Neoconservatism: The biography of a movement (Harvard UP, 2010) pp 6-11.
^ [1] Britannica – Academic Edition. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
^ [2]www.merriam-webster.com/. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
^ Murray Friedman, The neoconservative revolution: Jewish intellectuals and the shaping of public policy (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
^ Benjamin Balint, Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right (PublicAffairs, 2010)
^ Gal Beckerman, in "The Neoconservatism Persuasion", The Forward, 6 January 2006.
^ Friedman, Murray (2005). The Neoconservative Revolution Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
^ "Neoconservatism Unmasked". Diakses tanggal 6 November 2013.
^ John Feffer (2003). Power Trip: Unilateralism and Global Strategy After September 11. Seven Stories Press. hlm. 231. ISBN 978-1-60980-025-3.
^ K. Dodds, K. and S. Elden, "Thinking Ahead: David Cameron, the Henry Jackson Society and BritishNeoConservatism," British Journal of Politics and International Relations (2008), 10(3): 347–63.
^ ^a ^b Danny Cooper (2011). Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy: A Critical Analysis. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-203-84052-8.
^ Matthew Christopher Rhoades (2008). Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future. ProQuest. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-0-549-62046-4. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ Matthew Christopher Rhoades (2008). Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future. ProQuest. hlm. 110. ISBN 978-0-549-62046-4. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

Referensi

Albanese, Matteo. "The Concept of War in Neoconservative Thinking", IPOC, Milan, 2012.Translated by Nicolas Lewkowicz. ISBN 978-8867720002
Auster, Lawrence. "Buchanan's White Whale Diarsipkan 2004-06-19 di Wayback Machine.", FrontPageMag, 19 March 2004. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Buchanan, Patrick J.. "Whose War Diarsipkan 2009-01-05 di Wayback Machine.", The American Conservative, 24 March 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Bush, George W., Gerhard Schroeder, et al., "Transcript: Bush, Schroeder Roundtable With German Professionals", The Washington Post, 23 February 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Critchlow, Donald T. The conservative ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history (2nd ed. 2011)
Dean, John. Worse Than Watergate: The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush, Little, Brown, 2004. ISBN 0-316-00023-X (hardback). Critical account of neo-conservatism in the administration of George W. Bush.
Frum, David. "Unpatriotic Conservatives", National Review, 7 April 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Gerson, Mark, ed. The Essential Neo-Conservative Reader, Perseus, 1997. ISBN 0-201-15488-9 (paperback), ISBN 0-201-47968-0 (hardback).
Gerson, Mark. "Norman's Conquest: A Commentary on the Podhoretz Legacy", Policy Review, Fall 1995, Number 74. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Gray, John. Black Mass, Allen Lane, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7139-9915-0.
Hanson, Jim The Decline of the American Empire, Praeger, 1993. ISBN 0-275-94480-8.
Halper, Stefan and Jonathan Clarke. America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-83834-7.
Kagan, Robert, et al., Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy. Encounter Books, 2000. ISBN 1-893554-16-3.
Kristol, Irving. Neo-Conservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea: Selected Essays 1949-1995, New York: The Free Press, 1995. ISBN 0-02-874021-1 (10). ISBN 978-0-02-874021-8 (13). (Hardcover ed.) Reprinted as Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea, New York: Ivan R. Dee, 1999. ISBN 1-56663-228-5 (10). (Paperback ed.)
– . "What Is a Neoconservative?", Newsweek, 19 January 1976.
Lara Amat y León, Joan y Antón Mellón, Joan, "Las persuasiones neoconservadoras: F. Fukuyama, S. P. Huntington, W. Kristol y R. Kagan", en Máiz, Ramón (comp.), Teorías políticas contemporáneas, (2ªed.rev. y ampl.) Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2009. ISBN 978-84-9876-463-5. Ficha del libro
Lara Amat y León, Joan, "Cosmopolitismo y anticosmoplitismo en el neoconservadurismo: Fukuyama y Huntington", en Nuñez, Paloma y Espinosa, Javier (eds.), Filosofía y política en el siglo XXI. Europa y el nuevo orden cosmopolita, Akal, Madrid, 2009. ISBN 978-84-460-2875-8. Ficha del libro
Lasn, Kalle. "Why won't anyone say they are Jewish? Diarsipkan 2009-06-14 di Wayback Machine.", Adbusters, March/April 2004. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Lewkowicz, Nicolas. "Neoconservatism and the Propagation of Democracy Diarsipkan 2016-05-08 di Wayback Machine.", Democracy Chronicles, 11 February 2013.
Lipset, Seymour (4 July 1988). "Neoconservatism: Myth and reality". Society. New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer). 25 (5): 29–37. doi:10.1007/BF02695739. ISSN 0147-2011.
Mann, James. Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet, Viking, 2004. ISBN 0-670-03299-9 (cloth).
Massing, Michael (1987). "Trotsky's orphans: From Bolshevism to Reaganism". The New Republic: 18–22.
Mascolo, Georg. ""A Leaderless, Directionless Superpower: interview with Ex-Powell aide Wilkerson", Spiegel Online, 6 December 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Muravchik, Joshua. "Renegades", Commentary, 1 October 2002. Bibliographical information Diarsipkan 2007-08-30 di Wayback Machine. is available online, the article itself is not.
Muravchik, Joshua. "The Neoconservative Cabal", Commentary, September 2003. Bibliographical information Diarsipkan 2007-09-12 di Wayback Machine. is available online, the article itself is not.
Prueher, Joseph. U.S. apology to China over spy plane incident, 11 April 2001. Reproduced on sinomania.com. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Podoretz, Norman. The Norman Podhoretz Reader. New York: Free Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-3661-0.
Roucaute Yves. Le Neoconservatisme est un humanisme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005.ISBN 2-13-055016-9.
Roucaute Yves. La Puissance de la Liberté. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2004.ISBN 2-13-054293-X.
Ruppert, Michael C.. Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil, New Society, 2004. ISBN 0-86571-540-8.
Ryn, Claes G., America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire, Transaction, 2003. ISBN 0-7658-0219-8 (cloth).
Stelzer, Irwin, ed. Neoconservatism, Atlantic Books, 2004.
Smith, Grant F. Deadly Dogma: How Neoconservatives Broke the Law to Deceive America. ISBN 0-9764437-4-0.
Solarz, Stephen, et al. "Open Letter to the President Diarsipkan 2004-04-04 di Wayback Machine.", 19 February 1998, online at IraqWatch.org. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Steinfels, Peter (1979). The neoconservatives: The men who are changing America's politics. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-22665-7.
Strauss, Leo. Natural Right and History, University of Chicago Press, 1999. ISBN 0-226-77694-8.
Strauss, Leo. The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism, University of Chicago Press, 1989. ISBN 0-226-77715-4.
Tolson, Jay. "The New American Empire?", U.S. News and World Report, 13 January 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
Wilson, Joseph. The Politics of Truth. Carroll & Graf, 2004. ISBN 0-7867-1378-X.
Woodward, Bob. Plan of Attack, Simon and Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-5547-X.

Bacaan lanjutan

Arin, Kubilay Yado: Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013.
Balint, Benjamin V. Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right (2010)
Dorrien, Gary. The Neoconservative Mind. ISBN 1-56639-019-2, n attack from the Left
Ehrman, John. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs 1945 – 1994, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-06870-0, friendly analysis
Eisendrath, Craig R. and Melvin A. Goodman. Bush League Diplomacy: How the Neoconservatives are Putting The World at Risk (Prometheus Books, 2004), ISBN 1-59102-176-6.
Friedman, Murray. The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-54501-3.
Grandin, Greg."Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism." Metropolitan Books Henry Holt & Company, 2006.ISBN 978-0-8050-8323-1
Heilbrunn, Jacob. They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons, Doubleday (2008) ISBN 0-385-51181-7
- Heilbrunn, Jacob. "5 Myths About Those Nefarious Neocons," Washington Post, 10 Feb. 2008
Kristol, Irving. "The Neoconservative Persuasion".
Lind, Michael. "How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington", Salon, 9 April 2003.
Vaïsse, Justin. Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (Harvard U.P. 2010), translated from the French

Identitas

"Neoconservatism: Key Figures Diarsipkan 2007-09-09 di Wayback Machine.",The Christian Science Monitor.
Steigerwald, Bill. "So, what is a 'neocon'? Diarsipkan 2004-08-18 di Wayback Machine."
Stelzer, Irwin. "Nailing the neocon myth". The Times (London)
Selden, Zachary, "Neoconservatives and the American Mainstream". Selden is director of the Defence and Security Committee of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.

Kritik

Fukuyama, Francis. "After Neoconservatism Diarsipkan 2007-09-28 di Wayback Machine.". Archived copy of original New York Times article. Also available in .pdf Diarsipkan 2007-09-25 di Wayback Machine.
Thompson, Bradley C. (with Yaron Brook). Neoconservatism. An Obituary for an Idea. Boulder/London: Paradigm Publishers, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59451-831-7.
Kristol Confesses: Neoconservatism Is Not Conservative, by Samuel Francis
Paul Gottfried and Claes Ryn on Leo Strauss, by Kevin MacDonald

Pranala luar

Templat:Konservatisme

[1] Jeffrey Record (2010). Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq. Potomac Books, Inc. hlm. 47–50.

[abstract-2] Homolar-Riechmann, Alexandra (2009). "The moral purpose of US power: neoconservatism in the age of Obama". Contemporary Politics. 15 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1080/13569770902858111.

[Robert_Singh_2014_pp_29-40-3] Robert Singh, "Neoconservatism in the age of Obama,"" in Inderjeet Parmar and Linda B. Miller, eds., Obama and the World: New Directions in US Foreign Policy (Routledge 2014) pp 29-40

[4] Justin Vaïsse, Neoconservatism: The biography of a movement (Harvard UP, 2010) pp 6-11.

[britannica-5] [1] Britannica – Academic Edition. Retrieved 11 November 2012.

[merriam-webster-6] [2]www.merriam-webster.com/. Retrieved 11 November 2012.

[7] Murray Friedman, The neoconservative revolution: Jewish intellectuals and the shaping of public policy (Cambridge University Press, 2005)

[8] Benjamin Balint, Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right (PublicAffairs, 2010)

[9] Gal Beckerman, in "The Neoconservatism Persuasion", The Forward, 6 January 2006.

[10] Friedman, Murray (2005). The Neoconservative Revolution Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[11] "Neoconservatism Unmasked". Diakses tanggal 6 November 2013.

[12] John Feffer (2003). Power Trip: Unilateralism and Global Strategy After September 11. Seven Stories Press. hlm. 231. ISBN 978-1-60980-025-3.

[13] K. Dodds, K. and S. Elden, "Thinking Ahead: David Cameron, the Henry Jackson Society and BritishNeoConservatism," British Journal of Politics and International Relations (2008), 10(3): 347–63.

[Danny_Cooper_2011_45-14] Danny Cooper (2011). Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy: A Critical Analysis. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-203-84052-8.

[15] Matthew Christopher Rhoades (2008). Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future. ProQuest. hlm. 14. ISBN 978-0-549-62046-4. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[16] Matthew Christopher Rhoades (2008). Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future. ProQuest. hlm. 110. ISBN 978-0-549-62046-4. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

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