Konsonan sengau dwibibir bersuara
Konsonan sengau dwibibir bersuara adalah jenis dari suara konsonan dwibibir yang digunakan dalam berbagai bahasa. Simbol IPA-nya adalah ⟨m⟩, dan simbol X-SAMPA-nya adalah ⟨m⟩. Dalam bahasa Indonesia huruf [m] terdapat dalam kata seperti mati dan masuk.
| Konsonan sengau dwibibir | |
|---|---|
| m | |
| Nomor IPA | 114 |
| Pengodean karakter | |
| Entitas (desimal) | m |
| Unikode (heks) | U+006D |
| X-SAMPA | m |
| Kirshenbaum | m |
| Braille |  |
| Sampel suara | |
Konsonan [m] terdapat di hampir semua bahasa di dunia. Hanya sedikit bahasa (seperti bahasa Mohawk) tidak memiliki konsonan [m].
Karakteristik konsonan
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Karakteristik konsonan dari konsonan sengau dwibibir bersuara adalah:
- Cara artikulasinya adalah oklusif, yang berarti diproduksi dengan penyempitan aliran udara di jalur vokal. Karena konsonan ini juga merupakan konsonan sengau, aliran udara yang terblokir oleh artikulator diarahkan ke hidung
- Tempat artikulasinya adalah dwibibir (bilabial), yang berarti diartikulasikan dengan kedua bibir.
- Fonasinya yakni bersuara, yang berarti pita suara bergetar saat artikulasinya.
- Cara artikulasinya adalah sengau, yang berarti udara keluar melalui hidung, sebagai hentian sengau ataupun dengan tambahan melalui mulut.
- Karena suara ini tidak dihasilkan dari aliran udara diatas lidah, diktonomi pusat–sisian tidak berlaku.
- Mekanisme aliran udaranya adalah pulmonal, yang berarti diartikulasikan dengan mendorong udara hanya dengan paru-paru dan diafragma, seperti pada kebanyakan suara.
Kata-kata
sunting| Bahasa | Kata | IPA | Arti | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | мазэ | [maːza] | 'bulan' | |
| Arab | Baku[1] | مطابخ | [mɑˈtˤɑːbiχ] | 'dapur' |
| Armenia | Timur[2] | մայր | [mɑjɾ] | 'ibu' |
| Asyur Neo-Aram | mara | [maːra] | 'pemilik' | |
| Basque | maitatu | [majt̪at̪u] | 'mencintai' | |
| Belanda[3] | mond | [mɔnt] | 'mulut' | |
| Bulgaria | мъгла | [mɐɡla] | 'kabut' | |
| Ceska | muž | [mʊʃ] | 'manusia' | |
| Cherokee | ᎠᎹ | [ama˦] | 'air' | |
| Filipino | manok | [maˈnok] | 'ayam jago' | |
| Finlandia | minä | [ˈminæ] | 'saya' | |
| Frisia Barat | mar | [mar] | 'danau' | |
| Georgia[4] | სამი | [ˈsɑmi] | 'tiga' | |
| Gujarat | મોર mōr | 'merak jantan' | ||
| Hawaii[5] | maka | [maka] | 'mata' | |
| Hindi | मकान | [məkaːn] | 'rumah' | |
| Hungaria | ma | [mɒ] | 'hari ini' | |
| Ibrani | אמא | [ˈʔimä] | 'ibu' | |
| Inggris | him | [hɪm] | 'ia (m)' | |
| Indonesia[6] | masuk | [ˈmäsʊʔ] | 'masuk' | |
| Italia[7] | mamma | [ˈmamma] | 'ibu' | |
| Jepang[8] | 乾杯 kampai | [kampai] | 'bersulang' | |
| Jerman | Maus | [maʊ̯s] | 'tikus' | |
| Kabardia | мазэ | [maːza] | 'bulan' | |
| Kagayanen[9] | [manaŋ] | 'kakak perempuan' | ||
| Katalan | mare[10] | [ˈmaɾə] | 'ibu' | |
| Korea | 엄마 eomma | [ʌmma] | 'ibu' | |
| Makedonia | мајка | [ˈmajka] | 'ibu' | |
| Malayalam[11] | കമ്മി | [kəmmi] | 'kekurangan' | |
| Malta | ilma | [ilma] | 'air' | |
| Marathi | मन | [mən] | 'pikiran' | |
| Melayu | malam | [mäläm] | 'malam' | |
| Norwegia | mamma | [ˈmɑmːɑ] | 'ibu' | |
| Prancis[12] | manger | [mɑ̃ʒe] | 'makan' | |
| Persia | مادر | [mɒdær] | 'ibu' | |
| Pirahã | baíxi | [ˈmàí̯ʔì] | 'orang tua' | |
| Polandia[13] | masa | [ˈmäs̪ä] | 'masa' | |
| Portugis[14] | mato | [ˈmatu] | 'semak' | |
| Punjab | ਮੈਂ | [mɛ̃ː] | 'saya/aku' | |
| Rusia[15] | муж | [muʂ] | 'suami' | |
| Serbo-Kroasia | милина / milina | [milǐnä] | 'kenikmatan' | |
| Slowakia | muž | [mʊʃ] | 'manusia' | |
| Spanyol[16] | grumete | [ɡɾuˈme̞te̞] | 'kru kapal' | |
| Swahili | miti | [ˈmiti] | 'pepohonan' | |
| Swedia | mask | [mask] | 'cacing' | |
| Tionghoa | Kanton | 晚 maan5 | [maːn˩˧] | 'malam' |
| Mandarin | 母親 mǔqīn | [mu˨˩ tɕʰin˥] | 'ibu' | |
| Tsez | мец | [mɛ̝t͡s] | 'bahasa/lidah' | |
| Turki | benim | [be̞nim] | 'milikku' | |
| Ukraina | молоко | [mo.ɫo.ˈkɔ] | 'susu' | |
| Urdu | مکان | [məkaːn] | 'rumah' | |
| Uyghur | مەن | [mæn] | 'saya/aku' | |
| Vietnam[17] | muối | [mwoj˧ˀ˥] | 'garam' | |
| Wales | mam | [mam] | 'ibu' | |
| Yi | ꂷ ma | [ma˧ ] | 'bambu' | |
| Yunani[18] | μάζα maza | [ˈmaza] | 'masa' | |
| Zapotek | Tilquiapan[19] | man | [maŋ] | 'hewan' |
Lihat pula
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ Thelwall (1990)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005)
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004)
- ^ Okada (1991)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993)
- ^ Jassem (2003)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995)
- ^ Padgett (2003)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003)
- ^ Thompson (1959)
- ^ Newton (1972)
- ^ Merrill (2008)
Daftar pustaka
sunting- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (edisi ke-Second), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Newton, Brian (1972), The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 8, Cambridge University Press
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Illustrations of the IPA:Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003320
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232