Taipan pedalaman
Taipan pedalaman (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut inland taipan, fierce snake, atau small-scaled snake,[2] adalah spesies Taipan berbisa tinggi yang endemik di daerah semi-gersang (semi-arid) di pedalaman Australia.[3] Etnis Aborigin Australia yang tinggal di wilayah yang sama menamakan ular ini Dandarabilla.[4][5] Taipan pedalaman adalah ular berbisa yang paling mematikan nomor satu di dunia berdasarkan analisis median dosis letal terhadap tikus – bahkan toksisitasnya melebihi bisa ular laut.[6][7][8]
| Taipan pedalaman
| |
|---|---|
Oxyuranus microlepidotus  | |
 | |
| Status konservasi | |
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| Risiko rendah | |
| IUCN | 42493150 |
| Taksonomi | |
| Galat Lua: callParserFunction: function "Template" was not found. | |
| Spesies | Oxyuranus microlepidotus McCoy, 1879 |
| Tata nama | |
| Sinonim takson |
|
| Distribusi | |
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| Endemik | Australia |
Taksonomi
suntingTaipan pedalaman pertama kali menjadi perhatian ilmuwan barat pada tahun 1879. Dua spesimen[9] taipan pedalaman ditemukan di percabangan antara sungai Murray dan sungai Darling di Victoria bagian barat-laut, dan dideskripsikan oleh ilmuwan Frederick McCoy sebagai Diemenia microlepidota atau "ular cokelat bersisik kecil". Kemudian pada tahun 1882 ditemukan spesimen ketiga di daerah dekat Bourke, New South Wales, dan ilmuwan William John Macleay mendeskripsikannya sebagai Diemenia ferox (karena mengiranya sebagai spesies yang berbeda[10]).[3][11] Setelahnya, tidak ditemukan spesimen lagi sampai tahun 1972.[4][9]
Oxyuranus microlepidotus adalah nama ilmiah yang ditetapkan untuk ular ini mulai awal tahun 1980-an. Nama spesifiknya, microlepidotus, bermakna "sisik-kecil". Karenanya, ular ini juga disebut "ular bersisik kecil".[12]
Identifikasi
sunting
Panjang tubuh taipan pedalaman rata-rata 1.8 meter, walaupun diketahui spesimen terbesar panjangnya mencapai 2.5 meter.[13] Panjang taring bisa ular ini antara 3.5 sampai 6.2 mm (lebih pendek dari taring taipan pesisir).[14]
Tubuh ular ini berwarna sawo matang, bervariasi dari warna gelap hingga zaitun tergantung pada musim. Bagian punggung, sisi badan, dan ekor bisa memiliki corak yang berbeda antara cokelat atau kelabu, dengan beberapa sisik memiliki tepian berwarna kehitaman. Sisik-sisik bertepi kehitaman tersebut berjajar secara diagonal sehingga membentuk corak chevron (V) tidak beraturan dengan ukuran bervariasi yang miring ke belakang dan ke bawah. Sisik lateral paling bawah kadangkala memiliki tepian anterior kuning. Sisik dorsal (tubuh bagian atas) halus dan tidak berlunas. Kepalanya tumpul dan leher biasanya berwarna lebih gelap dari badan (hitam mengkilap pada musim dingin, cokelat tua pada musim panas), warna yang lebih gelap membuat ular ini mampu menghangatkan tubuhnya dengan menampakkan porsi kecil tubuhnya di luar liang. Mata ular ini berukuran sedang dengan iris berwarna cokelat dengan tepian pupil tidak berwarna.
Sisik dorsal terdiri sebanyak 23 baris di bagian tengah badan, sisik ventral (bagian bawah tubuh) sebanyak 200 hingga 250, sisik subkaudal sebanyak 55 sampai 70 dan terbagi, dan satu sisik anal.[15]
Taipan pedalaman adalah salah satu jenis ular yang pewarnaan tubuhnya bergantung pada musim di habitatnya. Pada musim panas, warna tubuhnya cenderung terang/cerah, sedangkan pada musim dingin, warna tubuhnya menjadi gelap.
Penyebaran dan habitat
suntingTaipan pedalaman tersebar di dataran luas (plains) semi-gersang di pedalaman Australia, yang meliputi sebagian New South Wales, Queensland, Australia Selatan, dan Victoria.[1][3]
Perilaku
suntingTaipan pedalaman liar hanya memangsa mamalia,[16][17] khususnya hewan pengerat. Di penangkaran, ular ini juga mau memakan ayam.[3] Tidak seperti ular berbisa lainnya yang menyerang dengan sekali gigitan lalu menunggu mangsanya hingga mati, taipan pedalaman melumpuhkan mangsanya dengan serangan yang berulang-ulang. Ular ini diketahui melakukan sekitar delapan kali gigitan berbisa dalam sekali serangan.[3][18]
Taipan pedalaman berkembangbiak dengan bertelur (ovipar). Jumlah telur yang dihasilkan sebanyak 12 sampai 20 butir, rata-rata sekitar 16 butir.[15] Ular di penangkaran dapat hidup antara 10 hingga 15 tahun. Taipan pedalaman di kebun binatang Australia (Australia Zoo) mampu hidup hingga 20 tahun.[14]
Bisa
suntingTaipan pedalaman adalah ular yang paling berbisa dan paling mematikan di dunia. Kuantitas bisa yang dihasilkan ular ini rata-rata 44 mg, dan maksimum mencapai 110 mg, dibandingkan dengan kobra India (Naja naja) yang kuantitas bisanya 169 mg (maks. 610 mg), ular-derik punggung-permata timur (Crotalus adamanteus) yang kuantitas bisanya 410 mg (maks. 848 mg), dan ular berbisa lainnya.[19]
Daftar pustaka
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ a b Oxyuranus microlepidotus di Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
- ^ White, Julian (November 1991). Oxyuranus microlepidotus . "Neurotoxic paralysis usually takes 2-4 hours to become clinically detectable. Coagulopathy however may become well established within 30 minutes of a bite" International Programme on Chemical Safety. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- ^ a b Queensland Snakes . History & Discovery. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ Pearn, John; Winkel, Kenneth D. (December 2006). "Toxinology in Australia's colonial era: A chronology and perspective of human envenomation in 19th century Australia". Toxicon. 48 (7): 726–737. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.027.
- ^ * The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). "Which snakes are the most venomous?" Diarsipkan 2014-06-26 di Wayback Machine.. University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute. Frequently Asked Questions -What is the most venomous snake? Diarsipkan 2018-07-15 di Wayback Machine.. "Many experts answer that it is the Inland Taipan of Australia, because its drop-by-drop concentration of venom has great potency when measured by its ability to kill rodents" . University of Arizona. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Frequently Asked Questions About Venomous Snakes. "A comparative study found that the snake venom that is most toxic to mice (of the species tested) is that of the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), found in Australia". University of Florida. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- Hodgson WC, Dal Belo CA, Rowan EG (2007). "The neuromuscular activity of paradoxin: a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)". Neuropharmacology. 52 (5): 1229–36. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.002. PMID 17313963.
The inland taipan is the world's most venomous snake
- Bell, Karen L; Sutherland, Struan K; Hodgson, Wayne C (1998). "Some pharmacological studies of venom from the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)". Toxicon. 36 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00060-3. PMID 9604283.
The Inland Taipan is believed to have the most toxic venom in the world (Sutherland, 1994)
- Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus Oxyuranus. "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
- ^ * LISTS . Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes. "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom - Oxyuranus microlepidotus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- BBC Nature Wildlife. Inland Taipan page Diarsipkan 2018-09-07 di Wayback Machine.. "Australia's inland taipan is considered to be the most venomous snake in the world". BBC. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
- Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- Steve Irwin presentation .Australia Zoo Tour with Steve Irwin (1m54s) "..the number 1 most venomous snake in the entire world, the fierce snake". Australia Zoo (official Youtube Channel). Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- ^ Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable Belcher's sea snake)
- Oakley, Cecily (2011). Interview with Associate Professor Bryan Fry Biochemist and molecular biologist Diarsipkan 2013-10-22 di Wayback Machine.. "...For my PhD, I worked on the inland taipan, which is the world's most venomous snake..." . Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- Fry, Brian site admin (April 10, 2005) Most Venomous Diarsipkan 2014-10-17 di Wayback Machine., Question: " ...I was talking to another herpatolagist and he said the hook nosed sea snake was the most venomous of all" Fry Answers: "The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, its apples and rocks." Venomdoc forums, Retrieved February 25, 2015
- kingsnake.com September Guest Chatter (September 16, 2006).Q&A with Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry, Deputy Director, Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne Diarsipkan 2012-10-15 di Wayback Machine.. "Q: In retrospect to the LD50 charts, what do you personally feel is the hottest snake, in regards to potency, defensiveness, means of injection, etc.? A: It is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus). Not, as is popularised, any of the sea snakes." connectedbypets.com. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- Garden of Eden Exotics (May 2, 2012) Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry – Interview "...The inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus') is far and away the most toxic, much more so than even sea snakes." nyexotics.blogspot.com Retrieved October 14, 2013
- ^ a b Rediscovery. The Rediscovery of the Western Taipan. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ Kinghorn, J. Roy (September 1, 1955). Herpetological notes. No. 5 (page 284). Australian Museum Scientific Publications, Retrieved November 14, 2013
- ^ Fohlman, J. (1979). "Comparison of two highly toxic Australian snake venoms: The taipan (Oxyuranus s. scutellatus) and the fierce snake (Parademansia microlepidotus)". Toxicon. 17 (2): 170–2. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(79)90296-4. PMID 442105.
- ^ Welton, Ronelle Ellen (2005) PhD thesis. Proteomic and genomic characterisation of venom proteins from Oxyuranus species. (microlepidotus). James Cook University. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
- ^ "Fierce Snake (Inland Taipan)". Australian Reptile Park. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2009-11-07.
- ^ a b Aussie Animals.Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) Diarsipkan 2013-10-19 di Wayback Machine.. Billabong Sanctuary. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^ a b "Inland taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) at the Australian Reptile Online Database | AROD.com.au". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-22.
- ^ Two Taipans (archived), Queensland Museum, Retrieved May 26, 2015
- ^ "Western Taipan". Museum of Tropical Queensland. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2017.
- ^ Threatened species October 10, 2012. Fierce Snake – profile. Office of Environment and Heritage (New South Wales). Retrieved October 15, 2013.
- ^ The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). "Which snakes are the most venomous?" (Archived). University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Publikasi dan pranala luar
sunting- Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ),... London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Pseudechis microlepidotus and P. ferox, p. 332).
- McCoy F(1879). Natural History of Victoria. Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria; or, Figures and Descriptions of the Living Species of All Classes of the Victorian Indigenous Animals. Decade III. London: G. Robertson. (J. Ferres, government printer, Melbourne). 50 pp. + Plates 21–30. (Diemenia microlepidota, new species, pp. 12–13 + Plate 23, Figures 2-3).
- "Oxyuranus microlepidotus McCoy, 1879". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Oxyuranus microlepidotus di Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
- AROD > Reptiles / Squamata / Elapidae / Oxyuranus / Inland taipan Diarsipkan 2020-02-27 di Wayback Machine.
- International Programme on Chemical Safety, Oxyuranus microlepidotus: Extended Review
- James Cook University, Proteomic and genomic characterisation of venom proteins from Oxyuranus species (Extended Review)
- Australian Reptile Park, Fierce Snake Fact File
- Australia Zoo Fierce Snake Fact File
- Animal Weapons: Episode 1 - Chemical Warfare di YouTube ContentMint (Source:Absolutely Wild Visuals, stock footage library Diarsipkan 2015-07-01 di Wayback Machine.)
Informasi terkait dengan Oxyuranus microlepidotus dari Wikispecies.
Media tentang Oxyuranus microlepidotus di Wikimedia Commons