Epistemologi konstruktivis
Epistemologi konstruktivis adalah cabang filsafat ilmu yang menyatakan bahwa ilmu alam terdiri dari konstruksi pikiran yang dibuat untuk menjelaskan pengalaman (atau pengukuran) dunia nyata oleh indra tubuh. Menurut paham ini, ilmu pengetahuan dikonstruksi oleh ilmuwan yang berusaha mengukur dan membuat model dunia nyata.
Inti
suntingMenurut para konstruktivis, dunia terlepas dari pikiran manusia, tetapi pengetahuan tentang dunia adalah konstruksi manusia dan masyarakat.[1] Konstruktivisme menolak filsafat objektivisme yang percaya bahwa manusia dapat mengenal dunia nyata tanpa melalui proses pengamatan ilmiah dengan berbagai tingkat validitas dan akurasi.
Menurut konstruktivis, tidak ada metodologi tunggal yang tepat dalam ilmu karena berbagai metode yang ada saat ini dapat digunakan manusia sesuai kebutuhannya.[2]
Lihat pula
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ Crotty, M. 1998. The Foundations of Social Science Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process, Sage.
- ^ (Schofield, n.d.) Critical Theory and Constructivism.
Bacaan lanjutan
sunting- Devitt, M. 1997. Realism and Truth, Princeton University Press.
- Gillett, E. 1998. "Relativism and the Social-constructivist Paradigm", Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, Vol.5, No.1, pp. 37–48
- Joe L. Kincheloe 2001. Getting beyond the Facts: Teaching Social Studies/Social Science in the Twenty-First Century, NY: Peter Lang.
- Joe L. Kincheloe 2005. Critical Constructivism Primer, NY: Peter Lang.
- Joe L. Kincheloe 2008. Knowledge and Critical Pedagogy, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
- Kitching, G. 2008. The Trouble with Theory: The Educational Costs of Postmodernism, Penn State University Press.
- Friedrich Kratochwil: Constructivism: what it is (not) and how it matters, in Donattela Della Porta & Michael Keating (eds.) 2008, Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective, Cambridge University Press, 80-98.
- Mariyani-Squire, E. 1999. "Social Constructivism: A flawed Debate over Conceptual Foundations", Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, vol.10, no.4, pp. 97–125
- Matthews, M.R. (ed.) 1998. Constructivism in Science Education: A Philosophical Examination, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Edgar Morin 1986, La Méthode, Tome 3, La Connaissance de la connaissance.
- Nola, R. 1997. "Constructivism in Science and in Science Education: A Philosophical Critique", Science & Education, Vol.6, no.1-2, pp. 55–83.
- Jean Piaget 1967. Logique et Connaissance scientifique, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade.
- Herbert A. Simon 1969. The Sciences of the Artificial (3rd Edition MIT Press 1996).
- Slezak, P. 2000. "A Critique of Radical Social Constructivism", in D.C. Philips, (ed.) 2000, Constructivism in Education: Opinions and Second Opinions on Controversial Issues, The University of Chicago Press.
- Suchting, W.A. 1992. "Constructivism Deconstructed", Science & Education, vol.1, no.3, pp. 223–254
- Paul Watzlawick 1984. Invented Reality: How Do We Know What We Believe We Know? (Contributions to constructivism), W W. Norton.
- Ernst von Glasersfeld 1987. The construction of knowledge, Contributions to conceptual semantics.
- Ernst von Glasersfeld 1995. Radical constructivism: A way of knowing and learning.
- Tom Rockmore 2008. On Constructivist Epistemology.
- Romm, N.R.A. 2001. Accountability in Social Research, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. http://www.springer.com/social+sciences/book/978-0-306-46564-2