Dinasti Mesir Kuno

Dalam sejarah Mesir kuno, dinasti adalah deretan penguasa yang memiliki asal usul yang sama.

Secara tradisional, terdapat tiga puluh dua dinasti firaun; dinasti ini biasanya dikelompokkan menjadi "kerajaan" dan "periode peralihan". Tiga puluh kelompok pertama berasal dari Aegyptiaca, karya pendeta Mesir abad ke-3 SM, Manetho, yang sekarang hilang. Kemungkinan, karya tersebut dituliskan untuk Ptolemeus, penguasa yang berbahasa Yunani di Mesir. Dua dinasti terakhir, Dinasti ke-Tiga Puluh Satu dan Dinasti Ptolemeus diketahui pada masa berikutnya.

Meskipun sering digunakan, sistem ini memiliki kekurangan. Beberapa dinasti hanya menguasai sebagian Mesir dan hidup bersamaan dengan dinasti lain yang berpusat di kota lain. Dinasti Ketujuh kemungkinan tidak ada sama sekali dan Kesepuluh tampaknya merupakan kelanjutan dari Kesembilan. Lalu, kemungkinan ada satu atau beberapa Dinasti Mesir Hulu sebelum Dinasti Pertama.

Daftar Dinasti

Dinasti	Pusat	Periode kekuasaan			Penguasa
Dinasti	Pusat	Awal	Akhir	Masa	Pertama berkuasa	Terakhir berkuasa
Periode Dinasti Awal Mesir
Dinasti I	Thinis	3100 SM	2900 SM	200 tahun	Narmer	Qa'a
Dinasti II	Thinis	2890 SM	2686 SM	204 tahun	Hotepsekhemwy	Khasekhemwy
Kerajaan Lama Mesir
Dinasti III	Memphis	2686 SM	2613 SM	73 tahun	Djoser	Huni
Dinasti IV	Memphis	2613 SM	2494 SM	119 tahun	Sneferu	ShepseskafatauThamphthis^[a]
Dinasti V	Memphis	2494 SM	2345 SM	149 tahun	Userkaf	Unas
Dinasti VI	Memphis	2345 SM	2181 SM	164 tahun	Teti	Merenre Nemtyemsaf IIatauNetjerkare Siptah^[b]atauNitocris^[c]
Periode Menengah Pertama
Dinasti VII^[d]	Memphis^[1]^:396	Tidak diketahui	Tidak diketahui	Tidak diketahui	Tidak diketahui	Tidak diketahui
Dinasti VIII	Memphis^[1]^:396	2181 SM	2160 SM	21 tahun	Netjerkare Siptah^[b]atauMenkare	Neferirkare II
Dinasti IX	Herakleopolis Magna	2160 SM	2130 SM	30 tahun	Meryibre Khety^[e]	Tidak diketahui
Dinasti X	HerakleopolisMagna	2130 SM	2040 SM	90 tahun	Meryhathor	Tidak diketahui
Periode Pertengahan
Dinasti XI^[f]	Thebes	2130 SM	1991 SM	139 tahun	Intef	Mentuhotep IV
Dinasti XII	Itjtawy	1991 SM	1802 SM	189 tahun	Amenemhat I	Sobekneferu
Dinasti XIII^[g]	Itjtawy	1803 SM	1649 SM	154 tahun	Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep	Tidak diketahui
Periode Menengah Kedua
Dinasti XIV(Canaanite)	Avaris	1725 SM	1650 SM	75 tahun	Yakbim Sekhaenre^[h]	Tidak diketahui
Dinasti XV(Hyksos)	Avaris	1650 SM	1550 SM	100 tahun	Salitis	Khamudi
Dinasti Abydos^[i]	Abydos	1650 SM	1600 SM	50 tahun	Tidak diketahui	Tidak diketahui
Dinasti XVI	Thebes atau Avaris	1649 SM	1582 SM	67 tahun	Anat-her	Tidak diketahui
Dinasti XVII	Thebes	1580 SM	1550 SM	30 tahun	Rahotep	Kamose
Kerajaan Baru
Dinasti XVIII	Thebes dan Amarna	1550 SM	1292 SM	258 tahun	Ahmose I	Horemheb
Dinasti XIX	Thebes dan Memphis dan Pi-Ramesses	1292 SM	1189 SM	103 tahun	Ramesses I	Twosret
Dinasti XX	Pi-Ramesses	1189 SM	1077 SM	112 tahun	Setnakhte	Ramesses XI
Periode Menengah Ketiga
Dinasti XXI	Tanis	1069 SM	943 SM	126 tahun	Smendes	Psusennes II
Dinasti XXII(Meshwesh)	TanisdanBubastis	943 SM	720 SM	223 tahun	Shoshenq I	Osorkon IV
Dinasti XXIII(Meshwesh)	Herakleopolis Magna atau HermopolisatauThebes	837 SM	728 SM	109 tahun	Harsiese A	Rudamun
Dinasti XXIV	Sais	732 SM	720 SM	12 tahun	Tefnakht	Bakenranef
Dinasti XXV(Nubia)	Memphis dan Napata	744 SM	656 SM	88 tahun	Piye	Tantamani
Periode Akhir
Dinasti XXVI	Sais	664 SM	525 SM	139 tahun	Psamtik I	Psamtik III
Dinasti XXVII^[j](Persian)	Babilon	525 SM	404 SM	121 tahun	Cambyses II^[k]	Darius II^[l]
Dinasti XXVIII	Sais	404 SM	398 SM	6 tahun	Amyrtaeus	Amyrtaeus
Dinasti XXIX	Mendes	398 SM	380 SM	18 tahun	Nepherites I	Nepherites II
Dinasti XXX	Sebennytos	380 SM	343 SM	37 tahun	Nectanebo I	Nectanebo II
Dinasti XXXI^[m](Persia)	Babilon	343 SM	332 SM	11 tahun	Artaxerxes III^[n]	Darius III^[o]
Periode Yunani-Roma
Dinasti Argeadai(Yunani)	Pella^[p]	332 SM	309 SM	23 tahun	Alexdaner III of Macedon	Alexdaner IV of Macedon
Dinasti Ptolemaik(Yunani)	Alexdanria	305 SM	30 SM	275 tahun	Ptolemy I Soter	Caesarion
Mesir menjadi bagian Republik Romawi pada 30 SM. (lihat Aegyptus, Firaun Romawi dan Daftar Dinasti Romawi)

Catatan kaki

^ Keberadaan Thamphthis belum terbukti secara arkeologis.
^ ^a ^b Netjerkare Siptah bisa jadi penguasa terakhir Dinasti VI atau pendiri Dinasti VIII tergantung pengelompokkan sejarawan.
^ Keberadaan Nitocris belum terbukti secara arkeologis.
^ Satu-satunya catatan sejarah Dinasti VII ditemukan dalam Aegyptiaca oleh Manetho. Beberapa sejarawan menganggap Dinasti VII adalah rekaan.^[1]^:393^[2]^:xiii
^ Some historians consider Meryibre Khety to be the founder of Dynasty IX,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] while others believe that Meryibre Khety reigned during Dynasty X.^[7]
^ Dynasty XI before the reign of Mentuhotep II is typically classified as part of the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
^ Some historians classify Dynasty XIII as part of the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt.
^ Some historians consider Yakbim Sekhaenre to be the founder of Dynasty XIV,^[8] while others believe Yakbim Sekhaenre reigned during Dynasty XVI.^[9]
^ The existence of the Abydos dynasty is debated.
^ Dynasty XXVII is a historiographical nomenclature that denotes the first line of Achaemenid monarchs that ruled over Egypt.
^ Cambyses II was the second monarch of the Achaemenid Empire and the first Achaemenid ruler to establish control over Egypt.
^ Darius II was the ninth monarch of the Achaemenid Empire and the eighth Achaemenid ruler to rule over Egypt.
^ Dynasty XXXI is a historiographical nomenclature that denotes the second line of Achaemenid monarchs that ruled over Egypt.
^ Artaxerxes III was the eleventh monarch of the Achaemenid Empire and the first Achaemenid ruler to restore control over Egypt following a 61-year hiatus.
^ Darius III was the thirteenth monarch of the Achaemenid Empire and the last Achaemenid ruler to rule over Egypt.
^ The capital of Macedonia during its rule over Egypt was Pella. The Egyptian administrative center during this period was Alexandria.

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b ^c Hratch Papazian (2015). "The State of Egypt in the Eighth Dynasty". Dalam Peter Der Manuelian; Thomas Schneider. Towards a New History for the Egyptian Old Kingdom: Perspectives on the Pyramid Age. Harvard Egyptological Studies. BRILL. hlm. 395.
^ Wilkinson, Toby (2010). "Timeline". The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. New York: Random House. hlm. xiii. ISBN 9781408810026. The system of dynasties devised in the third century B.C. is not without its problems—for example, the Seventh Dynasty is now recognized as being wholly spurious, while several dynasties are known to have ruled concurrently in different parts of Egypt...
^ Flinders Petrie, A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the XVIth Dynasty (1897), pp. 114–15.
^ Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs. An introduction, Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 112.
^ William C. Hayes, in The Cambridge Ancient History, vol 1, part 2, 1971 (2008), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-07791-5, p. 464.
^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 140.
^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, 2nd edition, Mainz, 1999, p. 74.
^ Ryholt (1997), hlm. 409
^ Sekhaenre Yakbim on Egyphica.net

[Thamphthis-1] Keberadaan Thamphthis belum terbukti secara arkeologis.

[NetjerkareSiptah-2] Netjerkare Siptah bisa jadi penguasa terakhir Dinasti VI atau pendiri Dinasti VIII tergantung pengelompokkan sejarawan.

[Nitocris-3] Keberadaan Nitocris belum terbukti secara arkeologis.

[DynastyVII-6] Satu-satunya catatan sejarah Dinasti VII ditemukan dalam Aegyptiaca oleh Manetho. Beberapa sejarawan menganggap Dinasti VII adalah rekaan.^[1]^:393^[2]^:xiii

[MeryibreKhety-12] Some historians consider Meryibre Khety to be the founder of Dynasty IX,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] while others believe that Meryibre Khety reigned during Dynasty X.^[7]

[DynastyXI-13] Dynasty XI before the reign of Mentuhotep II is typically classified as part of the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.

[DynastyXIII-14] Some historians classify Dynasty XIII as part of the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt.

[YakbimSekhaenre-17] Some historians consider Yakbim Sekhaenre to be the founder of Dynasty XIV,^[8] while others believe Yakbim Sekhaenre reigned during Dynasty XVI.^[9]

[Abydos-18] The existence of the Abydos dynasty is debated.

[DynastyXXVII-19] Dynasty XXVII is a historiographical nomenclature that denotes the first line of Achaemenid monarchs that ruled over Egypt.

[CambysesII-20] Cambyses II was the second monarch of the Achaemenid Empire and the first Achaemenid ruler to establish control over Egypt.

[DariusII-21] Darius II was the ninth monarch of the Achaemenid Empire and the eighth Achaemenid ruler to rule over Egypt.

[DynastyXXXI-22] Dynasty XXXI is a historiographical nomenclature that denotes the second line of Achaemenid monarchs that ruled over Egypt.

[ArtaxerxesIII-23] Artaxerxes III was the eleventh monarch of the Achaemenid Empire and the first Achaemenid ruler to restore control over Egypt following a 61-year hiatus.

[DariusIII-24] Darius III was the thirteenth monarch of the Achaemenid Empire and the last Achaemenid ruler to rule over Egypt.

[Pella-25] The capital of Macedonia during its rule over Egypt was Pella. The Egyptian administrative center during this period was Alexandria.

[Papazian2015-4] Hratch Papazian (2015). "The State of Egypt in the Eighth Dynasty". Dalam Peter Der Manuelian; Thomas Schneider. Towards a New History for the Egyptian Old Kingdom: Perspectives on the Pyramid Age. Harvard Egyptological Studies. BRILL. hlm. 395.

[5] Wilkinson, Toby (2010). "Timeline". The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. New York: Random House. hlm. xiii. ISBN 9781408810026. The system of dynasties devised in the third century B.C. is not without its problems—for example, the Seventh Dynasty is now recognized as being wholly spurious, while several dynasties are known to have ruled concurrently in different parts of Egypt...

[7] Flinders Petrie, A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the XVIth Dynasty (1897), pp. 114–15.

[Gardiner112-8] Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs. An introduction, Oxford University Press, 1961, p. 112.

[cah-9] William C. Hayes, in The Cambridge Ancient History, vol 1, part 2, 1971 (2008), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-07791-5, p. 464.

[10] Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 140.

[11] Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, 2nd edition, Mainz, 1999, p. 74.

[R409-15] Ryholt (1997), hlm. 409

[eglyph-16] Sekhaenre Yakbim on Egyphica.net

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[1]

[e]

[f]

[g]

[h]

[i]

[j]

[k]

[l]

[m]

[n]

[o]

[p]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]