Bahasa Amami Ōshima Utara
salah satu bahasa Ryukyu Utara
(Dialihkan dari Bahasa Amami Oshima Utara)
Bahasa Amami Oshima Utara adalah suatu bahasa Ryukyu yang dituturkan di Amami Oshima dan kepulauan sekitarnya, Prefektur Kagoshima, Jepang.[1][5] Bahasa ini umumnya dianggap sebagai dialek utara dari bahasa Amami Oshima, selain dialek selatan.[1][5][6]
Menurut Ethnologue, ada 10.000 penutur bahasa Amami Ōshima Selatan,[6] sedangkan bahasa Amami Oshima Utara memiliki 1.800 penutur.[1] Dua dialek tersebut terancam punah, karena generasi muda menuturkan bahasa Jepang Baku atau dialek bahasa Jepang setempat yang disebut sebagai Ton-futsūgo.[7][8]
Fonologi
suntingKonsonan
suntingDwibibir | Alveolar | Pasca- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glotal | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | |||||
Sengau | mˀ | m | nˀ | n | ||||||||||||
Letup | p˭ | b | tʰ | t˭ | d | kʰ | k˭ | ɡ | ʔ | |||||||
Gesek | t͡ʃʰ | t͡ʃ˭ | ||||||||||||||
Frikatif | s | (z) | h | |||||||||||||
Hampiran | j | w | ||||||||||||||
Kepakan | ɾ |
Vokal
suntingDepan | Madya | Belakang | |
---|---|---|---|
Tinggi | i | ɨ | u |
Tengah | e | ɘ | o |
Rendah | a |
Transkripsi
suntingBerikut merupakan transkripsi bahasa Amami Oshima Utara di Naze, Kagoshima:
/i/ | /ï/ | /e/ | /ë/ | /a/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ja/ | /jo/ | /ju/ | /wï/ | /wë/ | /wa/ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/Ø/ | /i/ [ji] |
/ï/ [ï] |
/e/ [je] |
/a/ [a] |
/o/ [o] |
/u/ [wu] |
/ja/ [ja] |
/jo/ [jo] |
/ju/ [ju] |
(/wï/ [wï]) |
/wë/ [wë] |
/wa/ [wa] | |
/ʔ/ | /ʔi/ [ʔi] |
/ʔe/ [ʔe] |
/ʔa/ [ʔa] |
/ʔo/ [ʔo] |
/ʔu/ [ʔu] |
/ʔja/ [ʔja] |
/ʔju/ [ʔju] |
/ʔwï/ [ʔwï] |
/ʔwa/ [ʔwa] | ||||
/h/ | /hi/ [çi] |
/hë/ [hë] |
/ha/ [ha] |
/ho/ [ho] |
/hu/ [ɸu] |
/hja/ [ça] |
(/hjo/ [ço]) |
/hju/ [çu] |
/hwï/ [ɸï] |
/hwë/ [ɸë] |
|||
/kʔ/ | /kʔi/ [kʔi] |
/kʔe/ [kʔe] |
/kʔë/ [kʔë] |
/kʔa/ [kʔa] |
/kʔo/ [kʔo] |
/kʔu/ [kʔu] |
/kʔja/ [kʔja] |
/kʔjo/ [kʔjo] |
/kʔju/ [kʔju] |
/kʔwë/ [kʔwë] |
/kʔwa/ [kʔwa] | ||
/k/ | /ki/ [ki] |
/kï/ [kï] |
/ke/ [ke] |
/kë/ [kë] |
/ka/ [ka] |
/ko/ [ko] |
/ku/ [ku] |
/kja/ [kja] |
/kjo/ [kjo] |
/kju/ [kju] |
/kwë/ [kwë] |
(/kwa/ [kwa]) | |
/g/ | /gi/ [gi] |
/gï/ [gï] |
/ge/ [ge] |
/gë/ [gë] |
/ga/ [ga] |
/go/ [go] |
/gu/ [gu] |
/gja/ [gja] |
/gjo/ [gjo] |
/gju/ [gju] |
/gwa/ [gwa] | ||
/tʔ/ | /tʔi/ [tʔi] |
/tʔï/ [tʔï] |
(/tʔe/ [tʔe]) |
/tʔë/ [tʔë] |
/tʔa/ [tʔa] |
/tʔo/ [tʔo] |
/tʔu/ [tʔu] |
||||||
/t/ | /ti/ [ti] |
/tï/ [tï] |
/te/ [te] |
/të/ [të] |
/ta/ [ta] |
/to/ [to] |
/tu/ [tu] |
||||||
/d/ | /di/ [di] |
/dï/ [dï] |
(/de/ [de]) |
/dë/ [dë] |
/da/ [da] |
/do/ [do] |
/du/ [du] |
||||||
/cʔ/ | /cʔi/ [tʔʃi] |
/cʔï/ [tʔsï] |
(/cʔe/ [tʔse]) |
(/cʔa/ [tʔsa]) |
/cʔu/ [tʔsu] |
/cʔja/ [tʔʃa] |
/cʔjo/ [tʔʃo] |
/cʔju/ [tʔʃu] |
|||||
/c/ | /ci/ [tʃi] |
(/cï/ [tsï]) |
(/ce/ [tʃe]) |
/cja/ [tʃa] |
/cjo/ [tʃo] |
/cju/ [tʃu] |
|||||||
/s/ | /si/ [ʃi] |
/sï/ [sï] |
/se/ [se] |
/së/ [së] |
/sa/ [sa] |
/so/ [so] |
/su/ [su] |
/sja/ [ʃa] |
/sjo/ [ʃo] |
/sju/ [ʃu] |
|||
/z/ | /zi/ [dʒi] |
/zï/ [dzï] |
/ze/ [dze] |
/zë/ [dzë] |
/za/ [dza] |
/zo/ [dzo] |
/zu/ [dzu] |
/zja/ [dʒa] |
/zjo/ [dʒo] |
/zju/ [dʒu] |
|||
/r/ [12] |
/ri/ [ɾi] |
/rï/ [ɾï] |
(/re/ [ɾe]) |
/rë/ [ɾë] |
/ra/ [ɾa] |
/ro/ [ɾo] |
/ru/ [ɾu] |
/rja/ [ɾja] |
/rjo/ [ɾju] |
/rju/ [ɾju] |
|||
/nʔ/ | /nʔi/ [ɲʔi] |
/nʔa/ [nʔa] |
|||||||||||
/n/ | /ni/ [ɲi] |
/nï/ [nï] |
/ne/ [ne] |
/në/ [në] |
/na/ [na] |
/no/ [no] |
/nu/ [nu] |
/nja/ [ɲa] |
/njo/ [ɲo] |
/nju/ [ɲu] |
|||
/pʔ/ | /pʔi/ [pʔi] |
/pʔe/ [pʔe] |
/pʔë/ [pʔë] |
/pʔa/ [pʔa] |
/pʔo/ [pʔo] |
/pʔu/ [pʔu] |
/pʔjo/ [pʔjo] |
/pʔju/ [pʔju] |
|||||
/b/ | /bi/ [bi] |
/bï/ [bï] |
/be/ [be] |
/bë/ [bë] |
/ba/ [ba] |
/bo/ [bo] |
/bu/ [bu] |
/bja/ [bja] |
/bjo/ [bjo] |
/bju/ [bju] |
|||
/mʔ/ | /mʔa/ [mʔa] |
/mʔo/ [mʔo] |
|||||||||||
/m/ | /mi/ [mi] |
/mï/ [mï] |
/më/ [më] |
/ma/ [ma] |
/mo/ [mo] |
/mu/ [mu] |
/mja/ [mja] |
/mjo/ [mjo] |
/mju/ [mju] |
||||
Fonemik | /Q/ [p, t, k] | /N/ [m, n, ŋ] |
Lihat pula
suntingReferensi
suntingCatatan kaki
sunting- ^ a b c d Amami Oshima Utara di Ethnologue (edisi ke-25, 2022)
- ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ryn.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Northern Amami-Oshima". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "Bahasa Amami Ōshima Utara". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ a b "ams | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-25.
- ^ a b "ryn | ISO 639-3". iso639-3.sil.org. Diakses tanggal 2020-02-25.
- ^ Heinrich, Patrick (2014-08-25). "Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues". The Japan Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-09-15.
- ^ Anderson, Mark (January 2019). "Studies of Ryukyu-substrate Japanese". Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics (dalam bahasa Inggris): 441–457. doi:10.4324/9781315213378-28. ISBN 9781315213378.
- ^ Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1976). "Amami hōgen no on'in 奄美方言の音韻". Ryūkyū hōgen on'in no kenkyū 琉球方言音韻の研究 (dalam bahasa Jepang). hlm. 312–370.
- ^ Shigehisa Karimata (2015) "Ryukyuan languages: a grammar overview", in Heinrich, Miyara, & Shimoji (eds) Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use
- ^ Nakamoto 1976, hlm. 314-320.
- ^ Nakamoto 1976, hlm. 319.