Wajah hitam

Wajah hitam (bahasa Inggris: blackface) adalah sebuah bentuk tata rias teatrikal yang umum dipakai untuk pementas non-kulit hitam untuk mewakili karikatur orang kulit hitam. Praktik tersebut meraih ketenaran pada abad ke-19 dan berkontribusi pada merebaknya stereotipe rasial

Bacaan tambahan

• Abbott, Lynn, & Seroff, Doug (2008). Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, "Coon Songs," and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz. Diarsipkan 2009-05-14 di Wayback Machine. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
• Armstron-De Vreeze, Pamela (1997). "Surviving Zwarte Piet — a Black mother in the Netherlands copes with a racist institution in Dutch culture". Essence magazine. 
• Bas, Marcel (2013). Zwarte Piet: discriminerend of fascinerend?. Aspekt Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789461534095. 
• Chude-Sokei, Louis (2005). The Last Darky: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3643-X. 
• Cockrell, Dale (1997). Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. ISBN 0-521-56828-5. 
• Levinthal, David (1999). Blackface. Arena. ISBN 1-892041-06-5. 
• Lhamon, Jr., W.T. (1998). Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74711-9. 
• Hughes, Langston; Meltzer, Milton (1967). Black Magic: A Pictorial History of Black Entertainers in America. New York: Bonanza Books. ISBN 0-306-80406-9. 
• Lott, Eric (1993). Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507832-2. 
• Malik, Sarita. "The Black and White Minstrel Show". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-14. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-08. 
• Rogin, Michael (1998). Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21380-7. 
• Sacks, Howard L., and Sacks, Judith (1993). Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
• Sammond, Nicholas (2015). Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
• Strausbaugh, John (2006). Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult and Imitation in American Popular Culture. Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin. ISBN 1-58542-498-6. 
• Toll, Robert C. (1974). Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6300-5. 
• Twain, Mark (1924). "XIX, dictated 1906-11-30". Mark Twain's Autobiography. New York: Albert Bigelow Paine. LCCN 24025122. 
• Watkins, Mel (1999). On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 1-55652-351-3. 

Pranala luar

Umum

• "Blackface and other historic racial images from the Authentic History Center"
• "Bambizzoozled – Blackface in Movies and Television"
• "The Blackface Stereotype", Manthia Diawara
• "Cape Minstrel Festival Kaapse Klopse", Cape Town Magazine.
• Recent blackface stories in the news, from the Colorblind Society
• "Zulu Blackface: The Real Story!"
• "The New Era of Blackface," Louis Chude-Sokei
• "The History of Racist Blackface Stereotypes
• "Blacking Up: Hip-Hop's Remix of Race and Identity
• "From Blackface to Beulah: Subtle Subversion in Early Black Sitcoms"
• Video: Blackface: History of a Controversy; Blackface in modern society, especially related to school.

Zwarte Piet

• Zwarte Piet? – Boom Chicago rap video satire of Run DMC's "Christmas in Hollis"
• Expatica's Dutch News in English: Annual Zwarte Piet Debate Diarsipkan 2012-10-03 di Wayback Machine.
• "Who is Black Peter?" from Ferris State University
• Zwarte Piet film by Adwa Foundation, Rotterdam, and the Global Afrikan Congress
• Zwarte Piet (Belanda)

Balthazar di Spanyol

• WanafriKa's vídeo
• Press article "Real Madrid star upholds Spain's commitment to racism"