Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar FRS (Tamil: சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர்) (IPA: [ˌtʃʌn.dɹʌ.ˈʃe(ɪ).kɑɹ], 19 Oktober 1910 – 21 Agustus 1995) adalah fisikawan India-Amerika Serikat. Ia adalah keponakan Chandrasekhara Raman, fisikawan pemenang Hadiah Nobel Fisika 1930.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar FRS
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Lahir	(1910-10-19)19 Oktober 1910 Lahore, India Britania (kini di Pakistan)
Meninggal	21 Agustus 1995(1995-08-21) (umur 84) Chicago, Illinois, Amerika Serikat
Tempat tinggal	Amerika Serikat, India
Kewarganegaraan	Amerika Serikat
Almamater	Universitas Madras Trinity College, Cambridge
Dikenal atas	Batas Chandrasekhar Observatorium sinar-X Chandra Chandrasekhar friction Nomor Chandrasekhar Fungsi-H Chandrasekhar 1958 Chandra Chandrasekhar tensor Batas Schönberg–Chandrasekhar Persamaan Chandrasekhar Persamaan Cirial Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function Discrete Ordinates Method Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation Chandrasekhar's Variational Principle
Penghargaan	FRS (1944) Adams Prize (1948) Nobel Prize in Physics (1983) Copley Medal (1984) National Medal of Science (1966) Royal Medal (1962) Padma Vibhushan (1968) Heineman Prize (1974)
Karier ilmiah
Bidang	Astrofisika Relativitas umum Dinamika fluida Radiasi
Institusi	Universitas Chicago Observatorium Yerkes Ballistic Research Laboratory Universitas Cambridge
Disertasi	Distribusi politropik (1933)
Pembimbing doktoral	Ralph H. Fowler Arthur Eddington
Mahasiswa doktoral	Donald Edward Osterbrock Guido Münch Roland Winston Jeremiah P. Ostriker Jerome Kristian Yousef Sobouti Anne Barbara Underhill Arthur Code Surindar Kumar Trehan
Tanda tangan

Ia menerima gelar B.A. dari Universitas Madras. Di Universitas Cambridge ia menerima gelar Ph.D. dan mengembangkan teori bintang katai putih, menunjukkan bahwa tekanan degenerasi mekanika kuantum tidak bisa menstabilkan bintang raksasa. Ia bekerja di Universitas Chicago dan Observatorium Yerkes dari 1937 hingga 1995.

Chandrasekhar adalah pegawai di Ballistic Research Laboratory di Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland selama PD II.

Ia meneliti dan menulis sejumlah buku penting mengenai struktur dan evolusi bintang, sifat-sifat dinamis kluster dan galaksi bintang, transfer energi radiasi, stabilitas hidrodinamika dan hidromagnetika, stabilitas bilangan persamaan ellips, dan teori matematis lubang hitam. Ia juga bekerja pada astrofisika relativistik, dan buku terakhirnya adalah Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Ia mengedit Astrophysical Journal selama hampir 20 tahun. Ia terkenal atas cintanya pada keanggunan dan presisi matematika.

Penghargaan

• Bruce Medal, 1952
• American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Rumford Prize, 1957.
• Astronomische Gesellschaft, Medali Karl Schwarzschild, 1986.
• American Astronomical Society, jabatan dosen Henry Norris Russell, 1949.
• Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Nasional india, Vainu Bappu Memorial Award, 1985.
• International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Marcel Grossmann Award, 1994
• National Academy of Sciences, Henry Draper Medal, 1971.
• National Medal of Science, 1966.
• National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Jansky Prize, 1978.
• Yayasan Nobel, Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika, 1983.
• Royal Astronomical Society, Medali Emas, 1953.
• Royal Society, Copley Medal, 1984; Royal Medal, 1962.

Publikasi

Buku

• Chandrasekhar, S. (1958) [1939]. An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60413-8. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (2005) [1942]. Principles of Stellar Dynamics. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-44273-0. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1960) [1950]. Radiative Transfer. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60590-6. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1975) [1960]. Plasma Physics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10084-5. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1981) [1961]. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-64071-6. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) [1969]. Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-65258-0. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1998) [1983]. The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850370-5. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1983) [1983]. Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521257466. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1990) [1987]. Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-10087-6. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851744-3. 
• Spiegel, E.A. (2011) [1954]. The Theory of Turbulence : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's 1954 Lectures. Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-0117-5. 

Catatan

• Chandrasekhar, S. (1939). "The Dynamics of Stellar Systems. I–VIII". The Astrophysical Journal. 90 (1): 1–154. Bibcode:1939ApJ....90....1C. doi:10.1086/144094. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). "Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 15 (1): 1–89. Bibcode:1943RvMP...15....1C. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1993). Classical general relativity. Royal Society. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1979). The Role of General Relativity: Retrospect and Prospect. Proc. IAU Meeting. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). New methods in stellar dynamics. New York Academy of Sciences. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1954). The illumination and polarization of the sunlit sky on Rayleigh scattering. American Philosophical Society. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1983). On Stars, their evolution and their stability, Nobel lecture. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1981). New horizons of human knowledge: a series of public talks given at Unesco. Unesco Press. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1975). Shakespeare, Newton, and Beethoven: Or, Patterns of Creativity. University of Chicago. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1973). P.A.M. Dirac on his seventieth birthday. Contemporary Physics. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1947). Heywood, Robert B., ed. The Works of the Mind:The Scientist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. hlm. 159–179. OCLC 752682744. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Reminiscences and discoveries on Ramanujan's bust. Royal Society. ASIN B001B12NJ8. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). How one may explore the physical content of the general theory of relativity. American Mathematical Society. ASIN B001B10QTM. 

Jurnal

Chandrasekhar sudah menerbitkan sekitar 380 makalah selama hidupnya. Pers Universitas Chicago menerbitkan makalah terpilih Chandrasekhar dalam tujuh volume.

• Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 1, Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100890. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 2, Radiative transfer and negative ion of hydrogen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100920. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 3, Stochastic, statistical and hydromagnetic problems in Physics and Astronomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100944. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 4, Plasma Physics, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic stability, and applications of the Tensor-Virial theorem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100975. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). Selected Papers, Vol 5, Relativistic Astrophysics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226100982. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1991). Selected Papers, Vol 6, The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes and of Colliding Plane Waves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226101019. 
• Chandrasekhar, S. (1997). Selected Papers, Vol 7, The non-radial oscillations of star in General Relativity and other writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226101040. 

Buku dan artikel tentang Chandrasekhar

• Miller, Arthur I. (2005). Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-34151-1. 
• Srinivasan, G., ed. (1997). From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76996-7. 
• Penrose, Roger (1996). "Chandrasekhar, Black Holes and Singularities" (PDF). Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 213–231. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..213P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.496.2529 . doi:10.1007/BF02702305. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 23 July 2018. Diakses tanggal 4 September 2017. 
• Parker, E. (1996). "S. Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics". Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 147–166. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..147P. doi:10.1007/BF02702301. 
• Wali, Kameshwar C. (1991). Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87054-0. 
• Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (1997). Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind the Legend – Chandra Remembered. London: imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-038-5. 
• Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2001). A Quest For Perspectives. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN 978-1-86094-201-3. 
• Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2020). S Chandrasekhar: Selected Correspondence and Conversations. World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN 978-9811208324. 
• Wignesan, T., ed. (2004). "The Man who Dwarfed the Stars". The Asianists' Asia. ISSN 1298-0358. 
• Venkataraman, G. (1992). Chandrasekhar and His Limit. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-035-3. 
• Sreenivasan, K. R. (2019). "Chandrasekhar's Fluid Dynamics". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 51 (1): 1–24. Bibcode:2019AnRFM..51....1S. doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040537 . 
• Saikia, D J.; et al., ed. (2011). Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4299-57-2. 
• Ramnath, Radhika, ed. (2012). S. Chandrasekhar: Man of Science. Harpercollins. ASIN B00C3EWIME. 
• Alic, Kameshwar C (2011). Kameshwar, C Wali, ed. A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. Edited by K C Wali. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Bibcode:2010sasc.book.....W. doi:10.1142/7686. ISBN 978-981-4299-57-2. 
• Salwi, Dilip, ed. (2004). S. Chandrasekhar: The scholar scientist. Rupa. ISBN 978-8129104915. 
• Pandey, Rakesh Kumar, ed. (2017). Chandrasekhar Limit: Size of White Dwarfs. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3330317666. 

Pranala luar

• The Bruce Medalists: S. Chandrasekhar