Spesiesisme

Spesiesisme (/ˈspiːʃiːˌzɪzəm, -siːˌzɪz-/) adalah pemberian nilai, hak atau pertimbangan khusus terhadap individu-individu yang didasarkan pada spesies mereka. Istilah ini kadang-kadang digunakan oleh pejuang hak-hak hewan yang mengeklaim bahwa spesiesisme merupakan prasangka yang serupa dengan rasisme atau seksisme. Mereka mengeklaim bahwa spesies suatu individu seharusnya tidak mengubah perlakuan moral terhadap individu tersebut.

Makna yang terkandung di dalam istilah ini tidak selalu sama, tetapi secara umum terdapat dua gagasan yang tersirat di dalam istilah ini. Istilah ini biasanya mengacu kepada "spesiesisme manusia" (supremasi manusia) yang tidak memberikan hak, kebebasan dan perlindungan terhadap hewan selayaknya manusia. Istilah ini juga dapat mengacu kepada pemberian nilai atau hak tertentu terhadap individu-individu berdasarkan spesies individu tersebut; contohnya, "spesiesisme manusia-simpanse" terjadi ketika manusia lebih mau memberikan hak kepada simpanse daripada anjing karena terdapat kemiripan antara manusia dengan simpanse.

Bacaan lanjut

Barlian, Y. Michael (2004). "Speciesism as a precondition to justice", Politics and the Life Sciences, 23(1), March, pp. 22–33.

Blackburn, Simon (1994). "Speciesism," Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford University Press.

Cavalieri, Paola (2001). The Animal Question: Why Nonhuman Animals Deserve Human Rights, Oxford University Press.

Cohen, Carl (1986). "The case for the use of animals in biomedical research", The New England Journal of Medicine, 315(14), pp. 865–869.

Cohen, Carl and Regan, Tom (2001). The Animal Rights Debate, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Diamond, Cora (2004). "Eating Meat and Eating People," in Cass Sunstein and Martha Nussbaum (eds.), Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions, Oxford University Press.

Dawkins, Richard (1993). "Gaps in the mind", in Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer (eds.), The Great Ape Project, St. Martin's Griffin, 1993, pp. 81–87.

Dawkins, Richard (1996) [1986]. The Blind Watchmaker, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Dawkins, Richard (2007). "Richard Dawkins – Science and the New Atheism" Diarsipkan 2017-11-28 di Wayback Machine., 7 December.

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2003). Ideas that changed the world, Dorling Kindersley.

Frey, R. G. (1983). Rights, Killing and Suffering, Blackwell.

Graft, D. (1997). "Against strong speciesism," Journal of Applied Philosophy, 14(2).

Gray, J. A. (1990). "In defense of speciesism," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13(1).

Green, Michael S.(2015) "Animal Rights Movement.” Ideas and Movements that shaped America: From the Bill of Right to Occupy Wall Street, pp. 44–47.

Holden, Andrew (2003). "In Need of New Environmental Ethics for Tourism?", Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), pp. 94–108.

Karcher, Karin (2009) [1998]. "Great Ape Project," in Marc Bekoff (ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, Greenwood.

Lafollette, Hugh and Shanks, Niall (1996). "The Origin of Speciesism", Philosophy, 71(275), January, pp. 41–61 (courtesy link).

Noddings, Nel (1991). "Comment on Donovan's 'Animal Rights and Feminist Theory'", Signs, 16(2), Winter, pp. 418–422.

Peikoff, Leonard (1991). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand, Dutton.

Ryder, Richard D. (1971). "Experiments on Animals," in Stanley and Roslind Godlovitch and John Harris (eds.), Animals, Men and Morals, Victor Gollanz, pp. 41–82.

Ryder, Richard D. (2000) [1989]. Animal Revolution, Berg.

Ryder, Richard D. (2009) [1998]. "Speciesism," in Marc Bekoff (ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Greenwood.

Ryder, Richard D. (2010). "Speciesism Again: The Original Leaflet", Critical Society, Spring, 2.

Rorty, Richard (1998) [1993]. "Human rights, rationality and sentimentality," in Truth and Progress, Cambridge University Press.

Scully, Matthew (2003). Dominion: The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy, St. Martin's Griffin.

Singer, Peter (1990) [1975]. Animal Liberation, New York Review/Random House.

Staudenmaier, Peter (2003). "Ambiguities of Animal Rights", Communalism: International Journal for a Rational Society, March, 5.

Sztybel, David (2006). "Can the Treatment of Animals Be Compared to the Holocaust?", Ethics & the Environment, 11(1), Spring, pp. 97–132.

Tuohey, John (1992). "Fifteen years after Animal Liberation: Has the animal rights movement achieved philosophical legitimacy?", Journal of Medical Humanities, 13(2), June, pp. 79–89.

Vardy, P. and Grosch, P. (1999). The Puzzle of Ethics, Harper Collins.

Waldau, Paul (2001). The Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of Animals, Oxford University Press.

Wise, Steven M. (2004). "Animal Rights, One Step at a Time," in Cass Sunstein and Martha Nussbaum eds.), Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions, Oxford University Press.

Zamir, Tzachi (2009). Ethics and the Beast: A Speciesist Argument for Animal Liberation. Princeton University Press.