R. H. Tawney

R. H. Tawney
R. H. Tawney
Lahir	Richard Henry Tawney; 30 November 1880; Kolkata, India Britania
Meninggal	16 Januari 1962 (umur 81); London
Kebangsaan	Britania
Pendidikan	Rugby School dan Balliol College, Oxford
Pekerjaan	Profesor Sejarah ekonomi di London School of Economics
Dikenal atas	Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926)
Suami/istri	Jeanette Tawney

Richard Henry "Harry" Tawney, umumnya dikenal sebagai R. H. Tawney (/ˈtɔːni/; 30 November 1880 – 16 Januari 1962), adalah sejarawan ekonomi Inggris,^[1]^[2] kritikus sosial,^[3]^[4] sosialis etis,^[5] sosialis Kristen,^[6]^[7] dan pendukung penting pendidikan dewasa.^[8]^[9]

The Oxford Companion to British History (1997) menjelaskan bahwa Tawney membuat "dampak yang signifikan" dalam keempat "peran yang saling terkait" ini.^[10] A. L. Rowse menjelaskan lebih jauh bahwa "Tawney memiliki pengaruh paling luas dari semua sejarawan di masanya, secara politik, sosial, serta di atas semuanya, secara edukasional.".^[11]

Aktivisme

Kritik sosial

Dua dari buku Tawney mencuat sebagai kritik sosialnya yang paling berpengaruh:^[12] The Acquisitive Society (1920), "injil sosialis"-nya Richard Crossman,^[13] dan Equality (1931), "karya berpengaruhnya".^[14] Yang pertama, salah satu buku yang paling banyak dibaca,^[15] yang mengkritik individualisme masyarakat modern. Menurutnya kapitalisme mendorong keserakahan dan oleh karenanya merusak semua orang. Dalam buku yang kedua, Tawney menganjurkan masyarakat egalitarian.

Kedua karya tersebut mencerminkan nilai-nilai moral Kristen Tawney, yang "memiliki pengaruh besar" di Britania dan luar negeri, serta "mengantisipasi negara kesejahteraan".^[12] Seperti yang ditekankan David Ormrod dari University of Kent, "pertentangan yang berselang-seling dari Gereja terhadap penyembahan berhala yang baru, muncul dari waktu ke waktu tetapi tidak ada kritik individu yang muncul dengan kombinasi kebijaksanaan politik, wawasan sejarah dan kekuatan moral yang menyamai R. H. Tawney, nabi yang mengecam keserakahan".^[16]

Politik sosialis Kristen

Sejarawan Geoffrey Foote telah menyoroti "perubahan politik" Tawney: "Dari dukungan terhadap sosialisme gilda radikal pada 1921 melalui penulisannya atas buku gradualis, Labour & the Nation pada 1928, serangannya yang kejam terhadap gradualisme pada 1930-an, sampai dukungannya terhadap revisionisme pada 1950-an". Namun demikian, Foote juga berpendapat bahwa "pengaruh Tawnney terletak pada kemampuannya untuk mengusulkan filosofi sosalis yang lunak tetapi koheren, yang melampaui situasi politik tertentu. Dalam hal ini, pemikiran politiknya yang matang tidak pernah benar-benar berubah".^[17]

Karya

The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912), London: Longman, Green and Co.
The Acquisitive Society (1920); republished Harcourt Brace and Howe (Mineola, NY, Dover: 2004; ISBN 0-486-43629-2)
Secondary Education for All (1922)
Education: the Socialist Policy (1924)
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926); republished Mentor (1953) and Peter Smith (1962; ISBN 0-7658-0455-7)
Equality (1931; ISBN 0-04-323014-8)
Land and Labour in China (excerpt) (1932)
Business and Politics under James I: Lionel Cranfield as Merchant and Minister (1958), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
The Radical Tradition: Twelve Essays on Politics, Education and Literature (1964), Harmondsworth, Penguin; ISBN 0-14-020834-8

Referensi

^ Magnússon, M. (ed.) (1996, fifth ed. reprint), Chambers Biographical Dictionary, Chambers, Edinburgh, ISBN 0-550-16041-8 paperback, p. 1435
^ Rose Benét, William (1988). The Reader's Encyclopedia (edisi ke-third). London: Guild Publishing (by arrangement with A.C. Black). hlm. 961. One of the foremost students of the development of capitalism.
^ Nicholls, C.S. (1996). The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography. Oxford: Helicon. hlm. 836. ISBN 978-1-85986-157-8.
^ Thane, Pat (2001). Cassell's Companion to Twentieth Century Britain. London: Cassell & Co. hlm. 378. ISBN 978-0-304-34794-0. Tawney remained an influential social thinker from the interwar years through to the 1950s.
^ Noel W. Thompson. Political economy and the Labour Party: the economics of democratic socialism, 1884-2005. 2nd edition. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, US: Routledge, 2006.
^ Gardiner, Juliet (ed.); et al. (1995). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. hlm. 734. ISBN 978-1-85585-261-7.
^ Ormrod, David (1990). Fellowship, Freedom & Equality: Lectures in Memory of R.H. Tawney. London: Christian Socialist Movement. hlm. 9. ISBN 978-0-900286-01-8. Tawney's was undoubtedly the most forceful and authentic voice of Christian socialist prophecy to be raised during the 1920s and 30s, echoing into the 1950s.
^ Drabble, M. (ed.) (1987), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 965
^ Elsey, B. (1987) "R. H. Tawney – Patron saint of adult education", in P. Jarvis (ed.) Twentieth Century Thinkers in Adult Education, Croom Helm, Beckenham: Tawney is "the patron saint of adult education"
^ Cannon, John (ed.) (1997). The Oxford Companion to British History (edisi ke-Softback Preview). Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 909.
^ Rowse, A. L. (1995), Historians I Have Known, Gerald Duckworth & Co., London, p. 92
^ ^a ^b Cannon, J. (1997) p. 909
^ Hastings, A. (1991, third ed.), A History of English Christianity 1920-1990, SCM Press, London, ISBN 0-334-02496-X paperback, p. 184
^ Foote, G. (1997) p. 76
^ Nicholls, C.S. (1996) p. 836
^ Ormrod, D. (1990) p. 9
^ Foote, G. (1997) p. 72

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Armstrong, Gary, and Tim Gray. The Authentic Tawney: A New Interpretation of the Political Thought of R.H. Tawney (Andrews UK Limited, 2016).
Bird, Colin. "Tawney, Richard Henry" in The Encyclopedia of Political Thought (2015). online
MacIntyre, Alasdair. ""The Socialism of R. H. Tawney" New York Review (July 30, 1964) online
Marsden, John. "Richard Tawney: Moral Theology and the Social Order." Political Theology 7.2 (2006): 181-199.
Martin, David A. "R.H. Tawney as political economist." Journal of Economic Issues 16.2 (1982): 535-543.
Steele, Tom, and Richard Taylor. "R.H. Tawney and the Reform of the Universities." History of Education 37.1 (2008): 1-22.
Terrill, Ross. R.H. Tawney and his times: Socialism as fellowship (Harvard UP, 1973).
Wright, Anthony. R.H. Tawney (Manchester UP, 1987).

Pranala luar

Extensive biography
Karya R. H. Tawney di Project Gutenberg
Karya oleh/tentang R. H. Tawney di Internet Archive (pencarian dioptimalkan untuk situs non-Beta)
Tawney's Essays introducing the 1923 edition of A Discourse Upon Usurye by Thomas Wilson
Catalogue of the Tawney papers at the Archives Division Diarsipkan 2007-06-18 di Wayback Machine. di London School of Economics
Account of the Somme in The Westminster Gazette
R. H. Tawney, On Property (1921)

Jabatan akademik
Didahului oleh: Arthur Pugh	Presiden Workers' Educational Association 1928 – 1944	Diteruskan oleh: Harold Clay

[1] Magnússon, M. (ed.) (1996, fifth ed. reprint), Chambers Biographical Dictionary, Chambers, Edinburgh, ISBN 0-550-16041-8 paperback, p. 1435

[2] Rose Benét, William (1988). The Reader's Encyclopedia (edisi ke-third). London: Guild Publishing (by arrangement with A.C. Black). hlm. 961. One of the foremost students of the development of capitalism.

[3] Nicholls, C.S. (1996). The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography. Oxford: Helicon. hlm. 836. ISBN 978-1-85986-157-8.

[4] Thane, Pat (2001). Cassell's Companion to Twentieth Century Britain. London: Cassell & Co. hlm. 378. ISBN 978-0-304-34794-0. Tawney remained an influential social thinker from the interwar years through to the 1950s.

[5] Noel W. Thompson. Political economy and the Labour Party: the economics of democratic socialism, 1884-2005. 2nd edition. Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, US: Routledge, 2006.

[6] Gardiner, Juliet (ed.); et al. (1995). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. hlm. 734. ISBN 978-1-85585-261-7.

[7] Ormrod, David (1990). Fellowship, Freedom & Equality: Lectures in Memory of R.H. Tawney. London: Christian Socialist Movement. hlm. 9. ISBN 978-0-900286-01-8. Tawney's was undoubtedly the most forceful and authentic voice of Christian socialist prophecy to be raised during the 1920s and 30s, echoing into the 1950s.

[8] Drabble, M. (ed.) (1987), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 965

[9] Elsey, B. (1987) "R. H. Tawney – Patron saint of adult education", in P. Jarvis (ed.) Twentieth Century Thinkers in Adult Education, Croom Helm, Beckenham: Tawney is "the patron saint of adult education"

[10] Cannon, John (ed.) (1997). The Oxford Companion to British History (edisi ke-Softback Preview). Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 909.

[11] Rowse, A. L. (1995), Historians I Have Known, Gerald Duckworth & Co., London, p. 92

[Cannon,_J._1997_p._909-12] Cannon, J. (1997) p. 909

[Hastings-13] Hastings, A. (1991, third ed.), A History of English Christianity 1920-1990, SCM Press, London, ISBN 0-334-02496-X paperback, p. 184

[14] Foote, G. (1997) p. 76

[Nicholls,_C.S._1996_p._836-15] Nicholls, C.S. (1996) p. 836

[16] Ormrod, D. (1990) p. 9

[17] Foote, G. (1997) p. 72

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R. H. Tawney

Lahir	Richard Henry Tawney (1880-11-30)30 November 1880 Kolkata, India Britania
Meninggal	16 Januari 1962(1962-01-16) (umur 81) London
Kebangsaan	Britania
Pendidikan	Rugby School dan Balliol College, Oxford
Pekerjaan	Profesor Sejarah ekonomi di London School of Economics
Dikenal atas	Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926)
Suami/istri	Jeanette Tawney