Daftar Kaisar Jepang
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(Dialihkan dari Putri Masako (Reizei))
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Berikut daftar kaisar Jepang, satu-satunya negara modern yang kepala negaranya adalah seorang kaisar.
Kaisar Jepang 天皇 | |
---|---|
Kekaisaran | |
Sedang berkuasa | |
Naruhito sejak 1 Mei 2019 | |
Perincian | |
Sapaan resmi | Baginda (Heika, 陛下) |
Penguasa pertama | Kaisar Jimmu |
Pembentukan | 660 SM |
Kediaman | Istana Kekaisaran Tokyo sebagai kediaman resmi |
Situs web | Badan Rumah Tangga Kekaisaran |
Daftar kaisar
suntingBagian ini memerlukan pengembangan. Anda dapat membantu dengan mengembangkannya. |
No. | Potret | Nama pribadi | Nama anumerta | Pemerintahan dan nama era[1][2][i] | Rincian kehidupan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hikohohodemi 彦火火出見 |
Kaisar Jimmu 神武天皇 |
660–585 SM (75 tahun) |
721 or 711–585 SM (126 atau 136 tahun) Son of kami Ugayafukiaezu. Claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu. Defeated Nagasunehiko in the Eastern Expedition to become Kaisar. Presumed legendary.[4] | |
2 | Kamununakawamimi 神渟名川耳 |
Kaisar Suizei 綏靖天皇 |
581–549 SM (32 tahun) |
632–549 SM (83 tahun) Son of Kaisar Jimmu. Presumed legendary.[5] | |
3 | Shikitsuhikotamatemi 磯城津彦玉手看 |
Kaisar Annei 安寧天皇 |
549–511 SM (37 tahun) |
567–511 SM (56 tahun) Son of Kaisar Suizei. Presumed legendary.[6] | |
4 | Ōyamatohikosukitomo 大日本彦耜友 |
Kaisar Itoku 懿徳天皇 |
510–477 SM (33 tahun) |
553–477 SM (76 tahun) Son of Kaisar Annei. Presumed legendary.[7] | |
5 | Mimatsuhikokaeshine 観松彦香殖稲 |
Kaisar Kōshō 孝昭天皇 |
475–393 SM (82 tahun) |
506–393 SM (113 tahun) Son of Kaisar Itoku. Presumed legendary.[8] | |
6 | Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito 日本足彦国押人 |
Kaisar Kōan 孝安天皇 |
392–291 SM (101 tahun) |
427–291 SM (136 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōshō. Presumed legendary.[9] | |
7 | Ōyamatonekohikofutoni 大日本根子彦太瓊 |
Kaisar Kōrei 孝霊天皇 |
290–215 SM (75 tahun) |
342–215 SM (127 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōan. Presumed legendary.[10] | |
8 | Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru 大日本根子彦国牽 |
Kaisar Kōgen 孝元天皇 |
214–158 SM (56 tahun) |
273–158 SM (115 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōrei. Presumed legendary.[11] | |
9 | Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi 稚日本根子彦大日日 |
Kaisar Kaika 開化天皇 |
157–98 SM (59 tahun) |
208–98 SM (110 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōgen. Presumed legendary.[12] | |
10 | Mimaki 御間城 |
Kaisar Sujin 崇神天皇 |
97–30 SM (67 tahun) |
148–30 SM (118 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kaika. First Kaisar with a direct possibility of existence.[13] Still presumed legendary.[14] | |
11 | Ikume 活目 |
Kaisar Suinin 垂仁天皇 |
29 SM–M 70 (99 tahun) |
69 SM–M 70 (127 tahun) Son of Kaisar Sujin. Presumed legendary.[15] | |
12 | Ōtarashihiko 大足彦 |
Kaisar Keikō 景行天皇 |
71–130 (59 tahun) |
13 SM–M 130 (143 tahun) Son of Kaisar Suinin. Presumed legendary.[16] | |
13 | Wakatarashihiko 稚足彦 |
Kaisar Seimu 成務天皇 |
131–190 (59 tahun) |
84–190 (106 tahun) Son of Kaisar Keikō. Presumed legendary.[17] | |
14 | Tarashinakatsuhiko 足仲彦 |
Kaisar Chūai 仲哀天皇 |
192–200 (8 tahun) |
149–200 (51 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Keikō; nephew of Kaisar Seimu. First Kaisar to ascend the throne without being the son of the previous Kaisar. Died during a campaign against the Kumaso tribe. Presumed legendary.[18] | |
– | Okinagatarashi 息長帯比売 |
Permaisuri Jingū 神功皇后 |
201–269 (68 tahun) |
170–269 (99 tahun) Wife of Kaisar Chūai; mother and regent of Kaisar Ōjin. Not counted among the officially numbered emperors. Presumed legendary.[19] | |
15 | Homutawake 誉田別 |
Kaisar Ōjin 応神天皇 |
270–310 (40 tahun) |
201–310 (109 tahun) Son of Kaisar Chūai and Maharani Jingū. Deified in Shinto and Buddhism in Japan as Hachiman. Presumed legendary.[20] | |
16 | Ohosazaki 大鷦鷯 |
Kaisar Nintoku 仁徳天皇 |
313–399 (86 tahun) |
290–399 (108–109 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ōjin. Presumed legendary.[21] | |
17 | Ōenoizahowake 大兄去来穂別 |
Kaisar Richū 履中天皇 |
400–405 (5 tahun) |
336–405 (69 tahun) Son of Kaisar Nintoku. Presumed legendary.[22] | |
18 | Mizuhawake 瑞歯別 |
Kaisar Hanzei 反正天皇 |
406–410 (5 tahun) |
352–411 (59 tahun) Son of Kaisar Nintoku; younger brother of Kaisar Richū. Presumed legendary.[23] | |
19 | Oasatsuma Wakugo no Sukune 雄朝津間稚子宿禰 |
Kaisar Ingyō 允恭天皇 |
411–453 (42 tahun) |
376–453 (77 tahun) Son of Kaisar Nintoku; younger brother of Kaisar Richū and Kaisar Hanzei. Presumed legendary.[24] | |
20 | Anaho 穴穂 |
Kaisar Ankō 安康天皇 |
453–456 (3 tahun) |
401–456 (55 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ingyō. Assassinated by Prince Mayowa. Presumed legendary.[25] | |
21 | Ōhatuse no Wakatakeru 大泊瀬稚武 |
Kaisar Yūryaku 雄略天皇 |
456–479 (23 tahun) |
418–479 (61 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ingyō; younger brother of Kaisar Ankō. Presumed legendary.[26] | |
22 | Shiraka 白髪 |
Kaisar Seinei 清寧天皇 |
480–484 (4 tahun) |
444–484 (40 tahun) Son of Kaisar Yūryaku. Presumed legendary.[27] | |
23 | Woke 弘計 |
Kaisar Kenzō 顕宗天皇 |
485–487 (2 tahun) |
450–487 (37 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Richū; cousin and adopted son of Kaisar Seinei. Presumed legendary.[28] | |
24 | Oke 億計 |
Kaisar Ninken 仁賢天皇 |
488–498 (10 tahun) |
448–498 (50 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Richū; cousin and adopted son of Kaisar Seinei; older brother of Kaisar Kenzō. Presumed legendary.[29] | |
25 | Ohatsuse no Wakasazaki 小泊瀬稚鷦鷯 |
Kaisar Buretsu 武烈天皇 |
499–506 (7 tahun) |
489–506 (17 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ninken. Presumed legendary.[30] | |
26 | Ohodo[ii] 袁本杼 |
Kaisar Keitai 継体天皇 |
507–531 (24 tahun) |
450–531 (81 tahun) 5th-generation grandson of Kaisar Ōjin. Became Kaisar at the recommendation of Ōtomo no Kanamura. Possible founder of a new dynasty. Presumed legendary.[31][32] | |
27 | Magari 勾 |
Kaisar Ankan 安閑天皇 |
534–535 (1 year) |
466–535 (69 tahun) Son of Kaisar Keitai. Presumed legendary.[33] | |
28 | Hinokuma-no-takata 檜隈高田 |
Kaisar Senka 宣化天皇 |
536–539 (3 tahun) |
467–539 (72 tahun) Son of Kaisar Keitai; younger brother of Kaisar Ankan. Presumed legendary.[34] | |
29 | Amekunioshiharakihironiwa 天国排開広庭 |
Kaisar Kinmei 欽明天皇 |
540–571 (31 tahun) |
509–571 (62 tahun) Son of Kaisar Keitai; younger brother of Kaisar Ankan and Kaisar Senka. First historically verifiable Kaisar.[35][36] | |
30 | Nunakura no Futotamashiki 渟中倉太珠敷 |
Kaisar Bidatsu 敏達天皇 |
572–585 (13 tahun) |
538–585 (47 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kinmei.[37] | |
31 | Tachibana no Toyohi 橘豊日 |
Kaisar Yōmei 用明天皇 |
586–587 (1 year) |
517–587 (70 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kinmei; half-brother of Kaisar Bidatsu.[38] | |
32 | Hatsusebe 泊瀬部 |
Kaisar Sushun 崇峻天皇 |
588–592 (4 tahun) |
522–592 (70 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kinmei; half-brother of Kaisar Bidatsu and Kaisar Yōmei. Made Kaisar by Soga no Umako following the Soga–Mononobe conflict. Assassinated by Yamatonoaya no Koma on the orders of Soga no Umako.[39] | |
33 | Nukatabe 額田部 |
Maharani Suiko 推古天皇 |
593–628 (35 tahun) |
554–628 (74 tahun) Daughter of Kaisar Kinmei; half-sister and wife of Kaisar Bidatsu. First non-legendary female monarch. Prince Shōtoku acted as her regent.[40] | |
34 | Tamura 田村 |
Kaisar Jomei 舒明天皇 |
629–641 (12 tahun) |
593–641 (48 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Bidatsu; great nephew of Maharani Suiko.[41] | |
35 | Takara 宝 |
Maharani Kōgyoku 皇極天皇 |
642–645 (3 tahun) |
594–661 (67 tahun) Great-granddaughter of Kaisar Bidatsu; wife of Kaisar Jomei. First reign. Abdicated as a result of the Isshi incident.[42] | |
36 | Karu 軽 |
Kaisar Kōtoku 孝徳天皇 |
645–654 (9 tahun) Taika, Hakuchi |
597–654 (57 tahun) Great-grandson of Kaisar Bidatsu; younger brother of Maharani Kōgyoku. First era name assigned.[43] | |
37 | Takara 宝 |
Maharani Saimei 斉明天皇 |
655–661 (6 tahun) |
594–661 (67 tahun) Older sister of Kaisar Kōtoku. Previously reigned as Maharani Kōgyoku. Second reign.[44] | |
38 | Kazuraki 葛城 |
Kaisar Tenji 天智天皇 |
662–672 (10 tahun) |
626–672 (46 tahun) Son of Kaisar Jomei and Maharani Kōgyoku.[45] | |
39 | Ōtomo[iii] 大友 |
Kaisar Kōbun 弘文天皇 |
672 (8 months) |
648–672 (24 tahun) Son of Kaisar Tenji. Deposed and committed suicide during the Jinshin War. Not recognized as Kaisar until 1870.[46] | |
40 | Ōama 大海人 |
Kaisar Tenmu 天武天皇 |
673–686 (14 tahun) Shuchō |
622–686 (56 tahun) Son of Kaisar Jomei and Maharani Kōgyoku; younger brother of Kaisar Tenji. Deposed his nephew, Kaisar Kōbun, during the Jinshin War.[47] | |
41 | Unonosarara[iv] 鸕野讚良 |
Maharani Jitō 持統天皇 |
687–697 (10 tahun)[v] |
646–703 (57 tahun) Daughter of Kaisar Tenji; niece and wife of Kaisar Tenmu. Abdicated.[49] | |
42 | Karu[vi] 珂瑠 |
Kaisar Monmu 文武天皇 |
697–707 (10 tahun) Taihō, Keiun |
683–707 (24 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Tenmu and Maharani Jitō.[50] | |
43 | Ahe[vii] 阿閇 |
Maharani Genmei 元明天皇 |
707–715 (8 tahun) Keiun, Wadō |
660–721 (61 tahun) Daughter of Kaisar Tenji; half-sister of Maharani Jitō; mother of Kaisar Monmu. Abdicated.[51] | |
44 | Hidaka[viii] 氷高 |
Maharani Genshō 元正天皇 |
715–724 (9 tahun) Reiki, Yōrō |
681–748 (67 tahun) Daughter of Maharani Genmei; elder sister of Kaisar Monmu. Only instance of an Maharani regnant inheriting the throne from another Maharani regnant. Abdicated.[52] | |
45 | Obito 首 |
Kaisar Shōmu 聖武天皇 |
724–749 (25 tahun) Jinki, Tenpyō, Tenpyō-kanpō |
699–756 (57 tahun) Son of Kaisar Monmu; nephew of Maharani Genshō. Abdicated.[53] | |
46 | Abe 阿倍 |
Maharani Kōken 孝謙天皇 |
749–758 (9 tahun) Tenpyō-kanpō, Tenpyō-shōhō, Tenpyō-hōji |
718–770 (52 tahun) Daughter of Kaisar Shōmu. First reign. Abdicated.[54] | |
47 | Ōi 大炊 |
Kaisar Junnin 淳仁天皇 |
758–764 (6 tahun) Tenpyō-hōji |
733–765 (32 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Tenmu; cousin of Maharani Kōken. Deposed. Posthumously named Kaisar in 1870.[55] | |
48 | Abe 阿倍 |
Maharani Shōtoku 称徳天皇 |
764–770 (6 tahun) Tenpyō-hōji, Tenpyō-jingo, Jingo-keiun |
718–770 (52 tahun) Deposed her cousin, Kaisar Junnin. Previously reigned as Maharani Kōken. Second reign.[56] | |
49 | Shirakabe 白壁 |
Kaisar Kōnin 光仁天皇 |
770–781 (11 tahun) Hōki, Ten'ō |
708–782 (73 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Tenji; brother-in-law of Permasuri Shōtoku. Abdicated.[57] | |
50 | Yamabe 山部 |
Kaisar Kanmu 桓武天皇 |
781–806 (25 tahun) Ten'ō, Enryaku |
736–806 (70 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōnin.[58] | |
51 | Ate 安殿 |
Kaisar Heizei 平城天皇 |
806–809 (3 tahun) Daidō |
773–824 (51 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kanmu. Abdicated.[59] | |
52 | Kamino 神野 |
Kaisar Saga 嵯峨天皇 |
809–823 (14 tahun) Daidō, Kōnin |
785–842 (57 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kanmu; younger brother of Kaisar Heizei. Abdicated.[60] | |
53 | Ōtomo 大伴 |
Kaisar Junna 淳和天皇 |
823–833 (10 tahun) Kōnin, Tenchō |
786–840 (54 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kanmu; younger brother of Kaisar Heizei and Kaisar Saga. Abdicated.[61] | |
54 | Masara 正良 |
Kaisar Ninmyō 仁明天皇 |
833–850 (17 tahun) Tenchō, Jōwa, Kashō |
808–850 (41 tahun) Son of Kaisar Saga; nephew and adopted son of Kaisar Junna.[62] | |
55 | Michiyasu 道康 |
Kaisar Montoku 文徳天皇 |
850–858 (8 tahun) Kashō, Ninju, Saikō, Ten'an |
827–858 (31 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ninmyō.[63] | |
56 | Korehito 惟仁 |
Kaisar Seiwa 清和天皇 |
858–876 (18 tahun) Ten'an, Jōgan |
850–881 (30 tahun) Son of Empereor Montoku. Abdicated.[64] | |
57 | Sadaakira 貞明 |
Kaisar Yōzei 陽成天皇 |
876–884 (8 tahun) Jōgan, Gangyō |
869–949 (80 tahun) Son of Kaisar Seiwa. Deposed by Fujiwara no Mototsune.[65] | |
58 | Tokiyasu 時康 |
Kaisar Kōkō 光孝天皇 |
884–887 (3 tahun) Gangyō, Ninna |
830–887 (57 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ninmyō; great uncle of Kaisar Yōzei. Became Kaisar at the recommendation of Fujiwara no Mototsune.[66] | |
59 | Sadami 定省 |
Kaisar Uda 宇多天皇 |
887–897 (10 tahun) Ninna, Kanpyō |
866–931 (65 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōkō. Abdicated.[67] | |
60 | Atsuhito[ix] 敦仁 |
Kaisar Daigo 醍醐天皇 |
897–930 (33 tahun) Kanpyō, Shōtai, Engi, Enchō |
884–930 (46 tahun) Son of Kaisar Uda. Abdicated.[68] | |
61 | Yutaakira[x] 寛明 |
Kaisar Suzaku 朱雀天皇 |
930–946 (16 tahun) Enchō, Jōhei, Tengyō |
921–952 (30 tahun) Son of Kaisar Daigo. Abdicated.[69] | |
62 | Nariakira 成明 |
Kaisar Murakami 村上天皇 |
946–967 (21 tahun) Tengyō, Tenryaku, Tentoku, Ōwa, Kōhō |
924–967 (42 tahun) Son of Kaisar Daigo; younger brother of Kaisar Suzaku.[70] | |
63 | Norihara 憲平 |
Kaisar Reizei 冷泉天皇 |
967–969 (2 tahun) Kōhō, Anna |
949–1011 (62 tahun) Son of Kaisar Murakami. Abdicated.[71] | |
64 | Morihira 守平 |
Kaisar En'yū 円融天皇 |
969–984 (15 tahun) Anna, Tenroku, Ten'en, Jōgen, Tengen, Eikan |
958–991 (32 tahun) Son of Kaisar Murakami; younger brother of Kaisar Reizei. Abdicated.[72] | |
65 | Morosada 師貞 |
Kaisar Kazan 花山天皇 |
984–986 (2 tahun) Eikan, Kanna |
968–1008 (39 tahun) Son of Kaisar Reizei; nephew of Kaisar En'yū. Abdicated.[73] | |
66 | Kanehito 懐仁 |
Kaisar Ichijō 一条天皇 |
986–1011 (25 tahun) Kanna, Eien, Eiso, Shōryaku, Chōtoku, Chōhō, Kankō |
980–1011 (31 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kaisar En'yū. Abdicated.[74] | |
67 | Okisada[xi] 居貞 |
Kaisar Sanjō 三条天皇 |
1011–1016 (5 tahun) Kankō, Chōwa |
975–1017 (42 tahun) Son of Kaisar Reizei; half-brother of Kaisar Kazan; cousin of Kaisar Ichijō. Abdicated.[75] | |
68 | Atsuhira[xii] 敦成 |
Kaisar Go-Ichijō 後一条天皇 |
1016–1036 (20 tahun) Chōwa, Kannin, Jian, Manju, Chōgen |
1008–1036 (27 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ichijō; cousin of Kaisar Sanjō.[76] | |
69 | Atsunaga 敦良 |
Kaisar Go-Suzaku 後朱雀天皇 |
1036–1045 (9 tahun) Chōgen, Chōryaku, Chōkyū, Kantoku |
1009–1045 (37 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ichijō; younger brother of Kaisar Go-Ichijō. Abdicated.[77] | |
70 | Chikahito 親仁 |
Kaisar Go-Reizei 後冷泉天皇 |
1045–1068 (23 tahun) Kantoku, Eishō, Tengi, Kōhei, Jiryaku |
1025–1068 (42 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Suzaku.[78] | |
71 | Takahito 尊仁 |
Kaisar Go-Sanjō 後三条天皇 |
1068–1073 (5 tahun) Jiryaku, Enkyū |
1032–1073 (40 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Suzaku; half-brother of Kaisar Go-Reizei. Abdicated.[79] | |
72 | Sadahito 貞仁 |
Kaisar Shirakawa 白河天皇 |
1073–1087 (14 tahun) Enkyū, Jōhō, Jōryaku, Eihō, Ōtoku |
1053–1129 (76 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Sanjō. Abdicated.[80] | |
73 | Taruhito[xiii] 善仁 |
Kaisar Horikawa 堀河天皇 |
1087–1107 (20 tahun) Kanji, Kahō, Eichō, Jōtoku, Kōwa, Chōji, Kajō |
1079–1107 (28 tahun) Son of Kaisar Shirakawa.[81] | |
74 | Munehito 宗仁 |
Kaisar Toba 鳥羽天皇 |
1107–1123 (16 tahun) Kajō, Tennin, Ten'ei, Eikyū, Gen'ei, Hōan |
1103–1156 (53 tahun) Son of Kaisar Horikawa. Forced to abdicate by Kaisar Shirakawa.[82] | |
75 | Akihito 顕仁 |
Kaisar Sutoku 崇徳天皇 |
1123–1142 (19 tahun) Hōan, Tenji, Daiji, Tenshō, Chōshō, Hōen, Eiji |
1119–1164 (45 tahun) Son of Kaisar Toba. Abdicated. Attempted to depose Kaisar Go-Shirakawa during the Hōgen rebellion.[83] | |
76 | Narihito 体仁 |
Kaisar Konoe 近衛天皇 |
1142–1155 (13 tahun) Eiji, Kōji, Ten'yō, Kyūan, Ninpei, Kyūju |
1139–1155 (16 tahun) Son of Kaisar Toba; half-brother of Kaisar Sutoku.[84] | |
77 | Masahito 雅仁 |
Kaisar Go-Shirakawa 後白河天皇 |
1155–1158 (3 tahun) Kyūju, Hōgen |
1127–1192 (64 tahun) Son of Kaisar Toba; younger brother of Kaisar Sutoku; half-brother of Kaisar Konoe. Abdicated.[85] | |
78 | Morihito 守仁 |
Kaisar Nijō 二条天皇 |
1158–1165 (7 tahun) Hōgen, Heiji, Eiryaku, Ōhō, Chōkan |
1143–1165 (22 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Shirakawa. Abdicated.[86] | |
79 | Nobuhito[xiv] 順仁 |
Kaisar Rokujō 六条天皇 |
1165–1168 (3 tahun) Chōkan, Eiman, Nin'an |
1164–1176 (11 tahun) Son of Kaisar Nijō. Deposed by Kaisar Go-Shirakawa.[87] | |
80 | Norihito[xv] 憲仁 |
Kaisar Takakura 高倉天皇 |
1168–1180 (12 tahun) Nin'an, Kaō, Jōan, Angen, Jishō |
1161–1181 (19 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Shirakawa; half-brother of Kaisar Nijō; uncle of Kaisar Rokujō. Forced to abdicate by Taira no Kiyomori.[88] | |
81 | Tokohito[xvi] 言仁 |
Kaisar Antoku 安徳天皇 |
1180–1185 (5 tahun) Jishō, Yōwa, Juei, Genryaku |
1178–1185 (6 tahun) Son of Kaisar Takakura. Died at the Battle of Dan-no-ura during the Genpei War.[89] | |
82 | Takahira[xvii] 尊成 |
Kaisar Go-Toba 後鳥羽天皇 |
1183–1198 (15 tahun) Juei, Genryaku, Bunji, Kenkyū |
1180–1239 (58 tahun) Son of Kaisar Takakura; half-brother of Kaisar Antoku. Made Kaisar by Kaisar Go-Shirakawa during the Genpei War. Kamakura shogunate turned the Kaisar into a figurehead. Abdicated. Attempted to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate during the Jōkyū War.[90] | |
83 | Tamehito 為仁 |
Kaisar Tsuchimikado 土御門天皇 |
1198–1210 (12 tahun) Kenkyū, Shōji, Kennin, Genkyū, Ken'ei, Jōgen |
1196–1231 (35 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Toba. Persuaded by Kaisar Go-Toba to abdicate. Exiled following the Jōkyū War.[91] | |
84 | Morinari 守成 |
Kaisar Juntoku 順徳天皇 |
1210–1221 (11 tahun) Jōgen, Kenryaku, Kempo, Jōkyū |
1197–1242 (44 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Toba; half-brother of Kaisar Tsuchimikado. Forced to abdicate following the Jōkyū War.[92] | |
85 | Kanenari 懐成 |
Kaisar Chūkyō 仲恭天皇 |
1221 (2 months) Jōkyū |
1218–1234 (15 tahun) Son of Kaisar Juntoku. Deposed and exiled following the Jōkyū War. Posthumously named Kaisar in 1870.[93] | |
86 | Yutahito[xviii] 茂仁 |
Kaisar Go-Horikawa 後堀河天皇 |
1221–1232 (11 tahun) Jōkyū, Jōō, Gennin, Karoku, Antei, Kangi, Jōei |
1212–1234 (22 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Takakura; first cousin of Kaisar Chūkyō. Abdicated.[94] | |
87 | Mitsuhito[xix] 秀仁 |
Kaisar Shijō 四条天皇 |
1232–1242 (10 tahun) Jōei, Tenpuku, Bunryaku, Katei, Ryakunin, En'ō, Ninji |
1231–1242 (10 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Horikawa.[95] | |
88 | Kunihito 邦仁 |
Kaisar Go-Saga 後嵯峨天皇 |
1242–1246 (4 tahun) Ninji, Kangen |
1220–1272 (51 tahun) Son of Kaisar Tsuchimikado; second cousin of Kaisar Shijō. Abdicated.[96] | |
89 | Hisahito 久仁 |
Kaisar Go-Fukakusa 後深草天皇 |
1246–1260 (14 tahun) Kangen, Hōji, Kenchō, Kōgen, Shōka, Shōgen |
1243–1304 (61 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Saga. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated at the insistence of Kaisar Go-Saga.[97] | |
90 | Tsunehito 恒仁 |
Kaisar Kameyama 亀山天皇 |
1260–1274 (14 tahun) Shōgen, Bun'ō, Kōchō, Bun'ei |
1249–1305 (56 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Saga; younger brother of Kaisar Go-Fukakusa. From the Daikakuji line. Abdicated.[98] | |
91 | Yohito 世仁 |
Kaisar Go-Uda 後宇多天皇 |
1274–1287 (13 tahun) Bun'ei, Kenji, Kōan |
1267–1324 (56 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kameyama. From the Daikakuji line. Forced to abdicate by Kaisar Go-Fukakusa.[99] | |
92 | Hirohito 熈仁 |
Kaisar Fushimi 伏見天皇 |
1287–1298 (11 tahun) Kōan, Shōō, Einin |
1265–1317 (52 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Fukakusa. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated.[100] | |
93 | Tanehito 胤仁 |
Kaisar Go-Fushimi 後伏見天皇 |
1298–1301 (3 tahun) Einin, Shōan |
1288–1336 (48 tahun) Son of Kaisar Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Forced to abdicate by the Daikakuji line. Traditional dates used.[101] | |
94 | Kuniharu 邦治 |
Kaisar Go-Nijō 後二条天皇 |
1301–1308 (7 tahun) Shōan, Kengen, Kagen, Tokuji |
1285–1308 (23 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Uda. From the Daikakuji line.[102] | |
95 | Tomihito 富仁 |
Kaisar Hanazono 花園天皇 |
1308–1318 (10 tahun) Enkyō, Ōchō, Shōwa, Bunpō |
1297–1348 (51 tahun) Son of Kaisar Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Agreed to alternate control of the throne between the Daikakuji and Jimyōin lines.[103] | |
96 | Takaharu 尊治 |
Kaisar Go-Daigo 後醍醐天皇 |
1318–1339 (21 tahun) Bunpō, Gen'ō, Genkō (1321–24), Shōchū, Karyaku, Gentoku, Genkō (1331–34), Kenmu, Engen |
1288–1339 (50 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Uda; younger brother of Kaisar Go-Nijō. From the Daikakuji line. Kamakura shogunate ended in the Genkō War. Brief imperial rule during the Kenmu Restoration. Opposed the Ashikaga shogunate. Became the first Kaisar of the Southern Court.[104] | |
97 | Noriyoshi[xx] 義良 |
Kaisar Go-Murakami 後村上天皇 |
1339–1368 (29 tahun) Engen, Kōkoku, Shōhei |
1328–1368 (40 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Daigo. Second Kaisar of the Southern Court. Southern Court briefly took the Northern Court's capital, Kyoto, during the Kannō disturbance.[105] | |
98 | Yutanari 寛成 |
Kaisar Chōkei 長慶天皇 |
1368–1383 (15 tahun) Shōhei, Kentoku, Bunchū, Tenju, Kōwa |
1343–1394 (51 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Murakami. Third Kaisar of the Southern Court. Abdicated.[106] | |
99 | Hironari 熙成 |
Kaisar Go-Kameyama 後亀山天皇 |
1383–1392 (9 tahun) Kōwa, Genchū |
ca 1347–1424 (ca 77 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Murakami; younger brother of Kaisar Chōkei. Fourth and last Kaisar of the Southern Court. Agreed to peace with the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of the Northern Court line.[107] | |
(1) | Kazuhito 量仁 |
Kaisar Kōgon 光厳天皇 |
1331–1333 (2 tahun) Gentoku, Shōkyō |
1313–1364 (51 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Fushimi; nephew and adopted son of Kaisar Hanazono. From the Jimyōin line. Made the first Kaisar of the Northern Court by the Kamakura shogunate during the Genkō War. Deposed by Kaisar Go-Daigo of the Daikakuji line. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[108] | |
(2) | Yutahito 豊仁 |
Kaisar Kōmyō 光明天皇 |
1336–1348 (12 tahun) Kenmu, Ryakuō, Kōei, Jōwa |
1322–1380 (58 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Fushimi; younger brother of Kaisar Kōgon. Made second Kaisar of the Northern Court by the Ashikaga shogunate. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[109] | |
(3) | Okihito[xxi] 興仁 |
Kaisar Sukō 崇光天皇 |
1348–1351 (3 tahun) Jōwa, Kannō |
1334–1398 (64 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōgon; nephew of Kaisar Kōmyō. Third Kaisar of the Northern Court. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during the Kannō disturbance.[110] | |
(4) | Iyahito 彌仁 |
Kaisar Go-Kōgon 後光厳天皇 |
1352–1371 (19 tahun) Bunna, Kōan, Jōji, Ōan |
1338–1374 (36 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōgon; younger brother of Kaisar Sukō. Became the fourth Kaisar of the Northern Court after the Kannō disturbance. Abdicated.[111] | |
(5) | Ohito 緒仁 |
Kaisar Go-En'yū 後円融天皇 |
1371–1382 (11 tahun) Ōan, Eiwa, Kōryaku, Eitoku |
1359–1393 (34 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Kōgon. Fifth Kaisar of the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of Kaisar Go-Komatsu.[112] | |
(6) | Motohito 幹仁 |
Kaisar Go-Komatsu[xxii] 後小松天皇 |
1382–1392 (10 tahun) Eitoku, Shitoku, Kakei, Kōō, Meitoku |
1377–1433 (56 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-En'yū. Sixth and last Kaisar of the Northern Court from 1382 until 1392. Became the legitimate Kaisar following Kaisar Go-Kameyama's abdication. Agreed to alternate control of the throne by the Northern Court and the Southern Court. All emperors after him are from the Northern line.[113][114] | |
100 | 1392–1412 (20 tahun) Meitoku, Ōei | ||||
101 | Mihito[xxiii] 実仁 |
Kaisar Shōkō 称光天皇 |
1412–1428 (16 tahun) Ōei, Shōchō |
1401–1428 (27 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Komatsu.[115] | |
102 | Hikohito 彦仁 |
Kaisar Go-Hanazono 後花園天皇 |
1428–1464 (36 tahun) Shōchō, Eikyō, Kakitsu, Bun'an, Hōtoku, Kyōtoku, Kōshō, Chōroku, Kanshō |
1419–1471 (51 tahun) Great-grandson of Northern Kaisar Sukō; third cousin of Kaisar Shōkō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[116] | |
103 | Fusahito 成仁 |
Kaisar Go-Tsuchimikado 後土御門天皇 |
1464–1500 (36 tahun) Kanshō, Bunshō, Ōnin, Bunmei, Chōkyō, Entoku, Meiō |
1442–1500 (58 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Hanazono. Ōnin War led to the start of the Sengoku period.[117] | |
104 | Katsuhito 勝仁 |
Kaisar Go-Kashiwabara[xxiv] 後柏原天皇 |
1500–1526 (26 tahun) Meiō, Bunki, Daiei |
1462–1526 (64 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Tsuchimikado. Imperial rule in the Ashikaga shogunate reached its lowest point in his reign.[118] | |
105 | Tomohito 知仁 |
Kaisar Go-Nara[xxv] 後奈良天皇 |
1526–1557 (31 tahun) Daiei, Kyōroku, Tenbun, Kōji |
1495–1557 (62 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Kashiwabara.[119] | |
106 | Michihito 方仁 |
Kaisar Ōgimachi 正親町天皇 |
1557–1586 (29 tahun) Kōji, Eiroku, Genki, Tenshō |
1517–1593 (76 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Nara. Ashikaga shogunate overthrown by Oda Nobunaga. Abdicated.[120] | |
107 | Katahito[xxvi] 周仁 |
Kaisar Go-Yōzei 後陽成天皇 |
1586–1611 (25 tahun) Tenshō, Bunroku, Keichō |
1571–1617 (46 tahun) Grandson of Kaisar Ōgimachi. Tokugawa shogunate established. Sengoku period ended.[121] | |
108 | Kotohito[xxvii] 政仁 |
Kaisar Go-Mizunoo[xxviii] 後水尾天皇 |
1611–1629 (18 tahun) Keichō, Genna, Kan'ei |
1596–1680 (84 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Yōzei. Japan implements isolationist policy. Purple Robe Incident led to his abdication.[122] | |
109 | Okiko 興子 |
Maharani Meishō 明正天皇 |
1629–1643 (14 tahun) Kan'ei |
1624–1696 (72 tahun) Daughter of Kaisar Go-Mizunoo. Abdicated.[123] | |
110 | Tsuguhito 紹仁 |
Kaisar Go-Kōmyō 後光明天皇 |
1643–1654 (11 tahun) Kan'ei, Shōhō, Keian, Jōō |
1633–1654 (21 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Mizunoo; younger brother of Maharani Meishō.[124] | |
111 | Nagahito[xxix] 良仁 |
Kaisar Go-Sai[xxx] 後西天皇 |
1655–1663 (8 tahun) Jōō, Meireki, Manji, Kanbun |
1638–1685 (47 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Mizunoo; younger half-brother of Maharani Meishō and Kaisar Go-Kōmyō. Abdicated.[125] | |
112 | Satohito 識仁 |
Kaisar Reigen 霊元天皇 |
1663–1687 (24 tahun) Kanbun, Enpō, Tenna, Jōkyō |
1654–1732 (78 tahun) Son of Kaisar Go-Sai. Abdicated.[126] | |
113 | Asahito[xxxi] 朝仁 |
Kaisar Higashiyama 東山天皇 |
1687–1709 (22 tahun) Jōkyō, Genroku, Hōei |
1675–1710 (34 tahun) Son of Kaisar Reigen. Abdicated.[127] | |
114 | Yasuhito[xxxii] 慶仁 |
Kaisar Nakamikado 中御門天皇 |
1709–1735 (26 tahun) Hōei, Shōtoku, Kyōhō |
1702–1737 (35 tahun) Son of Kaisar Higashiyama. Abdicated.[128] | |
115 | Teruhito 昭仁 |
Kaisar Sakuramachi 桜町天皇 |
1735–1747 (12 tahun) Kyōhō, Genbun, Kanpō, Enkyō |
1720–1750 (30 tahun) Son of Kaisar Nakamikado. Abdicated.[129] | |
116 | Tōhito 遐仁 |
Kaisar Momozono 桃園天皇 |
1747–1762 (15 tahun) Enkyō, Kan'en, Hōreki |
1741–1762 (20 tahun) Son of Kaisar Sakuramachi. Abdicated.[130] | |
117 | Toshiko 智子 |
Maharani Go-Sakuramachi 後桜町天皇 |
1762–1771 (9 tahun) Hōreki, Meiwa |
1740–1813 (73 tahun) Daughter of Kaisar Sakuramachi; younger sister of Kaisar Momozono.[131] | |
118 | Hidehito 英仁 |
Kaisar Go-Momozono 後桃園天皇 |
1771–1779 (8 tahun) Meiwa, An'ei |
1758–1779 (21 tahun) Son of Kaisar Momozono; nephew of Maharani Go-Sakuramachi.[132] | |
119 | Morohito 師仁 |
Kaisar Kōkaku 光格天皇 |
1780–1817 (37 tahun) An'ei, Tenmei, Kansei, Kyōwa, Bunka |
1771–1840 (69 tahun) Great-grandson of Kaisar Higashiyama; cousin and adopted son of Kaisar Go-Momozono. Abdicated.[133] | |
120 | Ayahito 恵仁 |
Kaisar Ninkō 仁孝天皇 |
1817–1846 (29 tahun) Bunka, Bunsei, Tenpō, Kōka |
1800–1846 (46 tahun) Son of Kaisar Kōkaku.[134] | |
121 | Osahito 統仁 |
Kaisar Kōmei 孝明天皇 |
1846–1867 (21 tahun) Kōka, Kaei, Ansei, Man'en, Bunkyū, Genji, Keiō |
1831–1867 (35 tahun) Son of Kaisar Ninkō. Reigned during the Bakumatsu period during which Japan ended its isolationist policy and changed from Tokugawa rule to Imperial rule. Last instance of an Kaisar with multiple era names.[135] | |
122 | Mutsuhito 睦仁 |
Kaisar Meiji 明治天皇 |
3 February 1867 – 30 July 1912 ( 45 tahun, 178 hari) Keiō, Meiji |
3 November 1852 – 30 July 1912 (Aged 59) Son of Kaisar Kōmei. Ended the Tokugawa Shogunate with the Meiji Restoration (3 January 1868). First Kaisar of the Empire of Japan.[136][137] | |
123 | Yoshihito 嘉仁 |
Kaisar Taishō 大正天皇 |
30 July 1912 – 25 December 1926 ( 14 tahun, 148 hari) Taishō |
31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926 (Aged 47) Son of Kaisar Meiji. Taishō Democracy shifted political power from the genrō to the Imperial Diet and political parties. His eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito, served as Sesshō (摂政; "Regent") from 1921 to 1926 because of Taishō's illness.[137][138] | |
124 | Hirohito 裕仁 |
Kaisar Shōwa 昭和天皇 |
25 December 1926 – 7 January 1989 ( 62 tahun, 13 hari) Shōwa |
29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989 (Aged 87) Son of Kaisar Taishō. Served as Sesshō from 1921 to 1926. Last Kaisar of the Empire of Japan. Reign saw World War II and post-war economic miracle. Longest reigning verifiable Kaisar in Japanese history.[137][139] | |
125 | Akihito 明仁 |
Kaisar Heisei 平成天皇 |
7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019 ( 30 tahun, 113 hari) Heisei |
born 23 December 1933 (Age Kesalahan ekspresi: Kata "december" tidak dikenal.) Son of Kaisar Shōwa. Abdicated and later referred to as Jōkō (上皇; "Kaisar Emeritus"). Longest living verifiable Kaisar.[140] | |
126 | Naruhito 徳仁 |
Kaisar Reiwa 令和天皇 |
1 May 2019 – present ( 5 tahun, 201 hari) Reiwa |
born 23 February 1960 (Age Kesalahan ekspresi: Kata "february" tidak dikenal.) Son of Kaisar Heisei. Referred to as Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇; "the Reigning Kaisar") or Tennō Heika (天皇陛下; "His Majesty the Kaisar").[141][142] |
Referensi
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- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 63–65; Brown, hlm. 271; Varley, hlm. 140; Nussbaum, hlm. 235.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 65–67; Brown, hlm. 271–272; Varley, hlm. 140–141; Nussbaum, hlm. 240.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 67–73; Brown, hlm. 272–273; Varley, hlm. 141–143; Nussbaum, hlm. 884.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 73–75; Brown, hlm. 274–275; Varley, hlm. 143; Nussbaum, hlm. 547.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 75–78; Brown, hlm. 275; Varley, hlm. 143–144; Nussbaum, hlm. 437.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 78–81; Brown, hlm. 276; Varley, hlm. 144–147; Nussbaum, hlm. 888.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 81–85; Brown, hlm. 276–277; Varley, hlm. 147–148; Nussbaum, hlm. 557.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 86–95; Brown, hlm. 277–279; Varley, hlm. 148–150; Nussbaum, hlm. 464.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 96–97; Brown, hlm. 279–280; Varley, hlm. 151; Nussbaum, hlm. 305.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 97–102; Brown, hlm. 280–282; Varley, hlm. 151–164; Nussbaum, hlm. 804.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 103–106; Brown, hlm. 282–283; Varley, hlm. 164; Nussbaum, hlm. 437.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 106–112; Brown, hlm. 283–284; Varley, hlm. 164–165; Nussbaum, hlm. 714.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 112–115; Brown, hlm. 285–286; Varley, hlm. 165; Nussbaum, hlm. 658.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 115–121; Brown, hlm. 286–288; Varley, hlm. 166–170; Nussbaum, hlm. 837.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 121–124; Brown, hlm. 288–289; Varley, hlm. 170–171; Nussbaum, hlm. 1064.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 124–125; Brown, hlm. 289; Varley, hlm. 171–175; Nussbaum, hlm. 549.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 125–129; Brown, hlm. 289–290; Varley, hlm. 175–179; Nussbaum, hlm. 1007.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 129–134; Brown, hlm. 290–293; Varley, hlm. 179–181; Nussbaum, hlm. 138.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 134–138; Brown, hlm. 294–295; Varley, hlm. 181–183.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 139–142; Brown, hlm. 295–298; Varley, hlm. 183–190; Nussbaum, hlm. 667.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 142–143; Brown, hlm. 289; Varley, hlm. 190–191; Nussbaum, hlm. 786.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 144–148; Brown, hlm. 299–300; Varley, hlm. 191–192; Nussbaum, hlm. 182.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 148–149; Brown, hlm. 300–302; Varley, hlm. 192; Nussbaum, hlm. 501.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 150–154; Brown, hlm. 302–307; Varley, hlm. 192–195; Nussbaum, hlm. 369.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 154–155; Brown, hlm. 307; Varley, hlm. 195; Nussbaum, hlm. 818.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 156–160; Brown, hlm. 307–310; Varley, hlm. 195–196; Nussbaum, hlm. 253.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 160–162; Brown, hlm. 310–311; Varley, hlm. 197; Nussbaum, hlm. 262.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 162–166; Brown, hlm. 311–314; Varley, hlm. 197–198; Nussbaum, hlm. 258.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 166–168; Brown, hlm. 314–315; Varley, hlm. 198–199; Nussbaum, hlm. 259.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 169–171; Brown, hlm. 315–317; Varley, hlm. 199–202; Nussbaum, hlm. 872.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 172–178; Brown, hlm. 317–320; Varley, hlm. 202; Nussbaum, hlm. 352.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 178–181; Brown, hlm. 320–322; Varley, hlm. 203–204; Nussbaum, hlm. 967.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 181–185; Brown, hlm. 322–324; Varley, hlm. 204–205; Nussbaum, hlm. 917.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 186–188; Brown, hlm. 324–326; Varley, hlm. 205; Nussbaum, hlm. 559.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 188–190; Brown, hlm. 326–327; Varley, hlm. 205–208; Nussbaum, hlm. 261.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 191–194; Brown, hlm. 327–329; Varley, hlm. 208–212; Nussbaum, hlm. 712.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 194–195; Brown, hlm. 329–330; Varley, hlm. 212; Nussbaum, hlm. 794.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 194–195; Brown, hlm. 329–330; Varley, hlm. 212; Nussbaum, hlm. 933.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 200–207; Brown, hlm. 333–334; Varley, hlm. 214–215; Nussbaum, hlm. 33.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 207–221; Brown, hlm. 334–339; Varley, hlm. 215–220; Nussbaum, hlm. 263.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 221–230; Brown, hlm. 339–341; Varley, hlm. 220; Nussbaum, hlm. 998.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 230–238; Brown, hlm. 341–343; Varley, hlm. 221–223.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 236–238; Brown, hlm. 343–344; Varley, hlm. 223–226; Nussbaum, hlm. 128.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 238–241; Brown, hlm. 344–349; Varley, hlm. 226–227; Nussbaum, hlm. 252.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 242–245; Varley, hlm. 227; Nussbaum, hlm. 856.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 245–247; Varley, hlm. 228–231; Nussbaum, hlm. 259.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 248–253; Varley, hlm. 231–232; Nussbaum, hlm. 252.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 232–233; Varley, hlm. 253–261; Nussbaum, hlm. 461.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 233–237; Varley, hlm. 262–269; Nussbaum, hlm. 265.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 237–238; Varley, hlm. 269–274; Nussbaum, hlm. 252.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 274–275; Varley, hlm. 238–239; Nussbaum, hlm. 252.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 275–278; Varley, hlm. 239; Nussbaum, hlm. 257.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 281–286, 278–281; Varley, hlm. 239–241; Nussbaum, hlm. 285.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 281–286, 290–294; Varley, hlm. 241–269; Nussbaum, hlm. 251.
- ^ Varley, hlm. 269–270; Nussbaum, hlm. 257.
- ^ Nussbaum, Chōkei Tennō, p. 120.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Go-Kameyama Tennō", pp. 253–255.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 286–289; Nussbaum, hlm. 344, 543.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 294–298; Nussbaum, hlm. 555.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 298–301; Nussbaum, hlm. 911.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 302–309; Nussbaum, hlm. 255.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 310–316; Nussbaum, hlm. 251.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 317–327.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 317–327; Nussbaum, hlm. 555.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 327–331; Nussbaum, hlm. 883.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 331–351; Nussbaum, hlm. 252.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 352–364; Nussbaum, hlm. 265.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 364–372.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 372–382; Nussbaum, hlm. 257.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 382–402; Nussbaum, hlm. 739.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 402–409; Nussbaum, hlm. 265.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 410–411; Nussbaum, hlm. 256.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 411–412; Nussbaum, hlm. 625.
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- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 413.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 414–415; Nussbaum, hlm. 785.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 415–416; Nussbaum, hlm. 310.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 416–417; Nussbaum, hlm. 690.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 417–418; Nussbaum, hlm. 814.
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- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 419.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 419–420; Nussbaum, hlm. 257.
- ^ Titsingh, hlm. 420–421; Nussbaum, hlm. 546.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Ninkō Tennō", p. 716.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Kōmei Tennō", p. 553.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Meiji Tennō", p. 624.
- ^ a b c Shimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (2015). Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 70–73. ISBN 9781442250673.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Taishō Tennō", p. 929.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Hirohito", p. 318.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Akihito", p. 19.
- ^ "Japan's Kaisar thanks country, prays for peace before abdication". Nikkei Asian Review. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2019.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Naruhito", p. 699.
- Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982). Lessons from History: the 'Tokushi yoron'. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702214851; OCLC 157026188
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
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