Pertempuran Sungai Bagradas (255 SM)
Pertempuran Sungai Bagradas (nama kuno dari sungai Medjerda), juga disebut sebagai Pertempuran Tunis, adalah sebuah kemenangan oleh tentara Kartago pimpinan Xanthippus atas pasukan Romawi pimpinan Marcus Atilius Regulus pada musim semi 255 SM, sembilan tahun Perang Punik I. Pada tahun sebelumnya, angkatan laut Romawi yang baru dibentuk mendirikan superioritas angkatan laut atas Kartago. Romawi memakai laju tersebut untuk menyerang tanah air Kartago, yang kini berada di Tunisia, Afrika Utara. Setelah mendarat di Semenanjung Tanjung Bon dan melakukan kampanye sukses, armada tersbeut kembali ke Sisilia, meninggalkan Regulus dengan 15.500 pasukan untuk pemondokan di Afrika sepanjang musim dingin.
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Catatan, kutipan dan sumber
suntingCatatan
suntingKutipan
suntingSumber
sunting- Andrei, Cristina; Nedu, Decebal (2010). "The Campaign of Marcus Atilius Regulus in Africa, Military Operations by Sea and by Land (256−255 B.C.)". Constanta Maritime University Annals. Constanta, Romania: Constanta Maritime University: 206–209. ISSN 1582-3601.
- Bagnall, Nigel (1999). The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6608-4.
- Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1986). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 978-0-89130-812-6.
- Casson, Lionel (1991). The Ancient Mariners (edisi ke-2nd). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-06836-7.
- Champion, Craige B. (2015) [2011]. "Polybius and the Punic Wars". Dalam Hoyos, Dexter. A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. hlm. 58–76. ISBN 978-1-119-02550-4.
- Collins, Roger (1998). Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285300-4.
- Curry, Andrew (2012). "The Weapon That Changed History". Archaeology. 65 (1): 32–37. JSTOR 41780760.
- Erdkamp, Paul (2015) [2011]. "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". Dalam Hoyos, Dexter. A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. hlm. 58–76. ISBN 978-1-119-02550-4.
- Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006). The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-304-36642-2.
- Hau, Lisa Irene (2016). Moral History from Herodotus to Diodorus Siculus. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-1107-3.
- Hoyos, Dexter (2010). The Carthaginians. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-96862-4.
- Hoyos, Dexter (2015) [2011]. A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-02550-4.
- Kistler, John (2006). War Elephants. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-8032-6004-7.
- Koon, Sam (2015) [2011]. "Phalanx and Legion: the "Face" of Punic War Battle". Dalam Hoyos, Dexter. A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. hlm. 77–94. ISBN 978-1-119-02550-4.
- Lazenby, John Francis (1996). The First Punic War: A Military History. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2673-6. (perlu mendaftar)
- Miles, Richard (2011). Carthage Must be Destroyed. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101809-6.
- Mineo, Bernard (2015) [2011]. "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". Dalam Hoyos, Dexter. A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. hlm. 111–127. ISBN 978-1-119-02550-4.
- Rankov, Boris (2015) [2011]. "A War of Phases: Strategies and Stalemates". Dalam Hoyos, Dexter. A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. hlm. 149–166. ISBN 978-1-4051-7600-2.
- Shutt, R.J.H. (1938). "Polybius: A Sketch". Greece & Rome. 8 (22): 50–57. doi:10.1017/S001738350000588X. JSTOR 642112.
- Sidwell, Keith C.; Jones, Peter V. (1998). The World of Rome: an Introduction to Roman Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38600-5.
- Tipps, G.K. (1985). "The Battle of Ecnomus". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 34 (4): 432–465. JSTOR 4435938.
- Tipps, G.K. (2003). "The Defeat of Regulus". The Classical World. 96 (4): 375–385. doi:10.2307/4352788. JSTOR 4352788.
- Walbank, Frank (1959). "Naval Triaii". The Classical Review. 64 (1): 10–11. doi:10.1017/S0009840X00092258. JSTOR 702509.
- Walbank, Frank (1990). Polybius. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06981-7.
- Warmington, Brian Herbert (1993) [1960]. Carthage. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-56619-210-1.
Bacaan tambahan
sunting- Polybius (2020) [c. 167–118 BC]. "The Histories". Bill Thayer's Web Site. Diterjemahkan oleh Paton, William Roger; Thayer, Bill. University of Chicago. Diakses tanggal 4 May 2020.