Pertempuran Kleidion

Pertempuran Kleidion
Bagian dari Peperangan Romawi Timur-Bulgaria
Romawi Timur mengalahkan Bulgaria (atas). Kaisar Samuel tewas karena melihat tentaranya yang buta (bawah).
Tanggal 29 Juli 1014 Lokasi Pegunungan Belasitsa, dekat desa Klyuch, Provinsi Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria Hasil Kemenangan menentukan Romawi Timur
Pihak terlibat
Kekaisaran Bulgaria Pertama	Kekaisaran Romawi Timur
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Samuel dari Bulgaria Gabriel Radomir	Basil II Nikephoros Xiphias Konstantinus Diogenes Theophylaktos Botaneiates †
Kekuatan
c. 20.000	Tidak diketahui
Korban
Paling tidak 15.000	Sedikit

Pertempuran Kleidion (atau Clidium, dari nama abad pertengahan desa Klyuch, yang berarti "kunci"; juga dikenal dengan nama Pertempuran Belasitsa) berlangsung pada 29 Juli 1014 antara Kekaisaran Bulgaria melawan Kekaisaran Romawi Timur. Pertempuran ini merupakan puncak dari peperangan yang berlangsung hampir selama setengah abad antara Kaisar Bulgaria Samuel melawan Kaisar Romawi Timur Basil II pada akhir abad ke-10 dan awal abad ke-11. Pertempuran ini berhasil dimenangkan oleh Romawi Timur.

Pertempuran ini meletus di lembah pegunungan Belasitsa dan Ograzhden di dekat desa Klyuch. Pertempuran yang menentukan berlangsung pada 29 Juli ketika jenderal Romawi Timur Nikephoros Xiphias melancarkan serangan belakang. Bulgaria mengalami kekalahan besar; tentara Bulgaria ditangkap dan dibutakan atas perintah Basil II, yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama "pembantai Bulgar." Samuel berhasil selamat, namun meninggal dua bulan kemudian karena serangan jantung, yang konon karena melihat tentara Bulgaria yang telah dibutakan.

Meskipun pertempuran ini tidak mengakhiri Kekaisaran Bulgaria Pertama, pertempuran ini mengurangi kapabilitas negara tersebut dalam menahan serangan Romawi Timur. Penerus Samuel tidak dapat menahan serangan Romawi Timur, dan akhirnya pada tahun 1018 Kekaisaran Bulgaria dihancurkan oleh Basil II.

Bacaan lanjut

• John Skylitzes, Synopsis Historion, translated by Paul Stephenson.
• Treadgold, Warren T. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2
• Mutafchiev, Petar, Book about the Bulgarians (Kniga za balgarite, Книга за българите), in Bulgarian, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, Sofia 1992, ISBN 954-430-128-3
• Mutafchiev, Petar, Lecture notes on Byzantine history (Lektsii po istoria na Vizantia, Лекции по история на Византия),in Bulgarian, Vol. II, Anubis Publishers, Sofia 1995, ISBN 954-426-063-3 (т. 2)
• Gyuzelev, Vasil, Bulgaria from the second quarter of tenth to the beginning of 11th century, (Balgaria ot vtorata chetvart na X do nachaloto na XI vek, България от втората четвърт на Х до началото на ХІ век), in Bulgarian, In: Dimitrov, Ilcho (Ed.), Short History of Bulgaria (Kratka istoria na Balgaria, Кратка история на България), in Bulgarian, Science and Arts Publishers, Sofia 1983
• Bozhilov, Ivan, Tsar Simeon the Great (893–927): The Golden Century of Medieval Bulgaria (Tsar Simeon Veliki (893–927): Zlatniyat vek na Srednovekovna Balgaria, Цар Симеон Велики (893–927): Златният век на Средновековна България),in Bulgarian, Fatherland Front Publishers, Sofia 1983
• Pirivatrich, Sardzan, The State of Samuel. Territory and Characteristics (Samuilovata darzhava. Obhvat i harakter, Самуиловата държава. Обхват и характер), AGATA-A Publishing Group, Sofia 2000, ISBN 954-540-020-X
• Selected sources of Bulgarian history (Podbrani izvori na balgarskata istoria, Подбрани извори за българската история), Vol. II: Bulgarian States and Bulgarians in the Middle Ages (Balgarskite darzhavi i balgarite prez Srednovekovieto, Българските държави и българите през Средновековието), TANGRA TanNakRA IK Publishers, in Bulgarian, Sofia 2004, ISBN 954-9942-40-6
• Angelov, Dimitar, and Boris Cholpanov, Bulgarian Military History in the Middle Ages (10th–15th centuries) (Balgarska voenna istoria prez srednovekovieto (X-XV vek), Българска военна история през средновековието (Х-XV век), in Bulgarian, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishers, Sofia 1994, ISBN 954-430-200-X
• Nikolov, Georgi (2005). Centralism and regionalism in early Medieval Bulgaria (end of the 7th – beginning of the 11th centuries) (Tsentralizam i regionalizam v rannosrednowekovna Balgariya (kraya na VII — nachaloto na XI vek), Централизъм и регионализъм в ранносредновековна България (края на VII — началото на XI век)) (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Sofia: Academic Press Marin Drinov. ISBN 954-430-787-7. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Ostrogorsky, George, History of Byzantium (Istoria na vizantiyskata darzhava, История на византийската държава), in Bulgarian, Sofia, 1998, ISBN 954-8079-92-5
• Zlatarski, Vasil, History of Bulgaria in the Middle Ages (Istoria na balgarskata darzhava prez srednite vekove, История на българската държава през средните векове), in Bulgarian, Vol. 1, Part 2, Marin Drinov Academic Publishers, Sofia, 1994, ISBN 954-430-299-9 (That work can be found in the Internet, taken from the site "Books for Macedonia" (in Bulgarian) on 29.01.2008)
• Pavlov, Plamen, The Sunset of the First Bulgarian Kingdom (1015–1018) (Zalezat na Parvoto balgarsko tsarstvo (1015–1018), Залезът на Първото българско царство (1015–1018)), in Bulgarian, Marin Drinov Academic Publishers, Sofia, 1999, ISBN 954-430-630-7
• Ćirković, Sima, Doseljavanje slovena i dukljanska država, from Montenegrina digitalna biblioteka crnogorske kulture Diarsipkan 2008-02-11 di Wayback Machine. on 20 November 2007.
• Holmes, Catherine, Basil II (A.D. 976–1025), publ. in: De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors retrieved on 16 November 2007.
• Vasiliev, А., History of the Byzantine empire, retrieved on 20 November 2007.
• Runciman, Steven, A History of the First Bulgarian Empire, The end of an Empire Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine., retrieved on 28 January 2008.
• Stevenson, Paul (2003). The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer. Cambridge University Press (September 15, 2003). ISBN 0-521-81530-4
• The battle of Kleidion (in English)., retrieved on 28 January 2008.
• The battle of Kleidion (in French). Diarsipkan 2007-10-16 di Wayback Machine., retrieved on 28 January 2008.
• Jireček, K. J. (1876). Geschichte der Bulgaren (dalam bahasa German). Nachdr. d. Ausg. Prag 1876, Hildesheim, New York : Olms 1977. ISBN 3-487-06408-1. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link) , pp. 195–200 (pp. 195–197, 200 can be seen inside the link)