Nihilisme

Nihilisme (dari bahasa Latin nihil, berarti "tidak ada") adalah pandangan filosofi, aliran, atau mazhab dalam filsafat, yang menolak aspek umum dan fundamental dari eksistensi manusia,^[1]^[2] seperti kebenaran objektif, pengetahuan, moralitas, nilai, atau makna kehidupan.^[3]^[4] Para nihilis memiliki pemahaman yang berbeda dalam mengungkapkan pandangan mereka, tetapi pada intinya tetap serupa, yaitu bahwa nilai-nilai manusia tidak berdasar, bahwa hidup tidak bermakna, bahwa pengetahuan adalah kemustahilan. Mereka juga percaya bahwa beberapa entitas tidak ada, tidak berarti, atau tidak ada gunanya.^[5]^[6]

Para penganut nihilisme mungkin menganggap nihilisme hanya sebagai label yang diterapkan pada beberapa pandangan filsafat.^[7] Ada juga yang menganggapnya sebagai konsep sejarah berbeda yang berkembang dari nominalisme, skeptisisme, pesimisme filosofis, atau berkembang dari agama Kristen itu sendiri.^[8] Pemahaman kontemporer tentang gagasan tersebut sebagian besar berasal dari 'krisis nihilisme' Nietzschean, yang darinya muncul dua konsep sentral nihilisme: penghancuran nilai-nilai yang lebih tinggi dan penentangan terhadap afirmasi hidup.^[5]^[9] Bentuk-bentuk awal nihilisme sebelum Nietzsche, mungkin lebih selektif dalam meniadakan hegemoni tertentu dari pemikiran sosial, moral, politik dan estetika.^[10]

Istilah ini kadang-kadang digunakan dalam kaitannya dengan anomie untuk menggambarkan suasana umum keputusasaan pada ketidakberartian eksistensi atau menggambarkan kesewenang-wenangan dalam prinsip-prinsip yang dipegang manusia dan lembaga-lembaga sosialnya. Nihilisme juga telah digambarkan sebagai ciri dari periode sejarah tertentu. Misalnya,^[11] Jean Baudrillard^[12]^[13] telah mencirikan postmodernitas sebagai zaman^[14] atau cara berpikir nihilistik.^[15] Demikian pula beberapa teolog dan tokoh agama telah menyatakan bahwa posmodernitas^[16] dan banyak aspek modernitas^[17] mewakili nihilisme dengan menentang prinsip-prinsip agama. Meskipun demikian, nihilisme secara luas dianggap berasal dari sudut pandang religius maupun non-religius.^[8]

Dalam budaya populer, istilah ini umumnya mengacu pada bentuk-bentuk nihilisme eksistensial, yang menganggap kehidupan tak memiliki nilai intrinsik, makna, atau tujuan.^[18] Pandangan utama lainnya dalam nihilisme termasuk penolakan terhadap semua pandangan normatif dan etis (nihilisme moral), penolakan terhadap semua institusi sosial dan politik (nihilisme politik), pandangan bahwa pengetahuan itu tidak ada (nihilisme epistemologis), dan sejumlah padangan metafisik yang menegaskan bahwa objek non-abstrak itu tidak ada (nihilisme metafisik), bahwa objek komposit tidak ada (nihilisme mereologis), atau bahkan kehidupan itu sendiri tidak ada.

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1. ISBN 9780415250696. As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.
^ Deleuze, Gilles (1962). Nietzsche and Philosophy. Diterjemahkan oleh Tomlinson, Hugh. London: The Athlone Press (dipublikasikan tanggal 1983). ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2. Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.
^ Veit, Walter (2018). "Existential Nihilism: The Only Really Serious Philosophical Problem". Journal of Camus Studies: 211–236. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804.
^
- Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1. ISBN 9780415250696. As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.
- Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-04-12. Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence.
- "Nihilism". Encyclopædia Britannica. In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe.
- Harper, Douglas. "nihilism". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ ^a ^b Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-16. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)
^ "The Meaning of Life#Nihilism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2020.
^ ter Borg, Meerten B. (1988). "The Problem of Nihilism: A Sociological Approach". Sociological Analysis. 49 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/3711099. JSTOR 3711099.
^ ^a ^b
- Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486.
- Deleuze, Gilles (1983) [1962]. Nietzsche and Philosophy. Diterjemahkan oleh Tomlinson, Hugh. London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2.
^ Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486.
^
- Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486.
- Petrov, Kristian (2019). "'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation". Stud East Eur Thought. 71 (2): 73–97. doi:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4  .
^ Cited in Woodward, Ashley. 2002. "Nihilism and the Postmodern in Vattimo's Nietzsche." Minerva 6. ISSN 1393-614X. Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. fn 1.
^ Baudrillard, Jean. 1993. "Game with Vestiges." In Baudrillard Live, edited by M. Gane.
^ Baudrillard, Jean. [1981] 1994. "On Nihilism." In Simulacra and Simulation, translated by S. F. Glasser.
^
See:
- Toynbee, Arnold J. 1963. A Study of History VIII & IX;
- Mills, C. Wright. 1959. The Sociological Imagination;
- Bell, Daniel. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism.
^ see: Rose, Gillian. 1984. Dialectic of Nihilism; Carr, Karen L. 1988. The Banalization of Nihilism; Pope John-Paul II. 1995. Evangelium vitae: Il valore e l'inviolabilita delta vita umana. Milan: Paoline Editoriale Libri."
^ Leffel, Jim; Dennis McCallum. "The Postmodern Challenge: Facing the Spirit of the Age". Christian Research Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-08-19. ...the nihilism and loneliness of postmodern culture...
^ Phillips, Robert (1999). "Deconstructing the Mass". Latin Mass Magazine (Winter). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2004-04-17. For deconstructionists, not only is there no truth to know, there is no self to know it and so there is no soul to save or lose." and "In following the Enlightenment to its logical end, deconstruction reaches nihilism. The meaning of human life is reduced to whatever happens to interest us at the moment...
^ Pratt, Alan. "Existential Nihilism | Nihilism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-16. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link) : Existential nihilism is "the notion that life has no intrinsic meaning or value, and it is, no doubt, the most commonly used and understood sense of the word today."

Sumber rujukan lain

Teks primer

Brassier, Ray (2007) Nihil Unbound: Enlightenment and Extinction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, Jacobi an Fichte (1799/1816), German Text (1799/1816), Appendix with Jacobi's and Fichte's complementary Texts, critical Apparatus, Commentary, and Italian Translation, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Naples 2011, ISBN 978-88-905957-5-2.
Heidegger, Martin (1982), Nietzsche, Vols. I-IV, trans. F.A. Capuzzi, San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Kierkegaard, Søren (1998/1854), The Moment and Late Writings: Kierkegaard's Writings, Vol. 23, ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03226-9.
Kierkegaard, Søren (1978/1846), The Two Ages : Kierkegaard's Writings, Vol 14, ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong, and Edna H. Hong, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07226-5.
—— (1995/1850), Works of Love : Kierkegaard's Writings, Vol 16, ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03792-9.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (2005/1886), Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Helen Zimmern.
—— (1974/1887), The Gay Science, trans. Walter Kaufman, Vintage, ISBN 0-394-71985-9.
—— (1980), Sämtliche Werken. Kritische Studienausgabe, ed. C. Colli and M. Montinari, Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-007680-2.
—— (2008/1885), Thus Spake Zarathustra, trans. Thomas Common.
Tartaglia, James (2016), Philosophy in a Meaningless Life: A System of Nihilism, Consciousness and Reality, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Teks sekunder

Arena, Leonardo Vittorio (1997), Del nonsense: tra Oriente e Occidente, Urbino: Quattroventi.
—— (2012), Nonsense as the Meaning, ebook.
—— (2015), On Nudity. An Introduction to Nonsense, Mimesis International.
Barnett, Christopher (2011), Kierkegaard, pietism and holiness, Ashgate Publishing.
Carr, Karen (1992), The Banalisation of Nihilism, State University of New York Press.
Cattarini, L.S. (2018), Beyond Sartre and Sterility: Surviving Existentialism (Montreal: contact argobookshop.ca)
Cunningham, Conor (2002), Genealogy of Nihilism: Philosophies of Nothing & the Difference of Theology, New York, NY: Routledge.
Dent, G., Wallace, M., & Dia Center for the Arts. (1992). "Black popular culture" (Discussions in contemporary culture ; no. 8). Seattle: Bay Press.
Dod, Elmar (2013), Der unheimlichste Gast. Die Philosophie des Nihilismus. Marburg: Tectum 2013.
Dreyfus, Hubert L. (2004), Kierkegaard on the Internet: Anonymity vs. Commitment in the Present Age. Retrieved at December 1, 2009.
Fraser, John (2001), "Nihilism, Modernisn and Value", retrieved at December 2, 2009.
Galimberti, Umberto (2008), L'ospite inquietante. Il nichilismo e i giovani, Milano: Feltrinelli. ISBN 9788807171437.
Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996), Nihilism Before Nietzsche, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Giovanni, George di (2008), "Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved on December 1, 2009.
Harper, Douglas, "Nihilism", in: Online Etymology Dictionary, retrieved at December 2, 2009.
Harries, Karsten (2010), Between nihilism and faith: a commentary on Either/or, Walter de Gruyter Press.
Hibbs, Thomas S. (2000), Shows About Nothing: Nihilism in Popular Culture from The Exorcist to Seinfeld, Dallas, TX: Spence Publishing Company.
Kopić, Mario (2001), S Nietzscheom o Europi, Zagreb: Jesenski i Turk.
Korab-Karpowicz, W. J. (2005), "Martin Heidegger (1889—1976)", in: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, retrieved at December 2, 2009.
Kuhn, Elisabeth (1992), Friedrich Nietzsches Philosophie des europäischen Nihilismus, Walter de Gruyter.
Irti, Natalino (2004), Nichilismo giuridico, Laterza, Roma-Bari.
Löwith, Karl (1995), Martin Heidegger and European Nihilism, New York, NY: Columbia UP.
Marmysz, John (2003), Laughing at Nothing: Humor as a Response to Nihilism, Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Müller-Lauter, Wolfgang (2000), Heidegger und Nietzsche. Nietzsche-Interpretationen III, Berlin-New York.
Parvez Manzoor, S. (2003), "Modernity and Nihilism. Secular History and Loss of Meaning", retrieved at December 2, 2009.
Rose, Eugene Fr. Seraphim (1995), Nihilism, The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age, Forestville, CA: Fr. Seraphim Rose Foundation.
Rosen, Stanley (2000), Nihilism: A Philosophical Essay, South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press (2nd Edition).
Severino, Emanuele (1982), Essenza del nichilismo, Milano: Adelphi. ISBN 9788845904899.
Slocombe, Will (2006), Nihilism and the Sublime Postmodern: The (Hi)Story of a Difficult Relationship, New York, NY: Routledge.
Tigani, Francesco (2010), Rappresentare Medea. Dal mito al nichilismo, Roma: Aracne. ISBN 978-88-548-3256-5.
—— (2014), Lo spettro del nulla e il corpo del nichilismo, in La nave di Teseo. Saggi sull'Essere, il mito e il potere, Napoli: Guida. ISBN 9788868660499.
Villet, Charles (2009), Towards Ethical Nihilism: The Possibility of Nietzschean Hope, Saarbrücken: Verlag Dr. Müller.
Williams, Peter S. (2005), I Wish I Could Believe in Meaning: A Response to Nihilism, Damaris Publishing.

Pranala luar

Nihilist Abyss (dalam bahasa Italia)
Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, translated by Thomas Common
"Nihilism" Diarsipkan 2010-04-12 di Wayback Machine. in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev
"Moral Skepticism", section "Skeptical Hypotheses" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
"Nihilism". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"In the Dust of This Planet", Radiolab podcast on nihilism and popular culture
"Nihilism", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Rob Hopkins, Raymond Tallis and Catherine Belsey (Nov. 16, 2000)

[1] Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1. ISBN 9780415250696. As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.

[2] Deleuze, Gilles (1962). Nietzsche and Philosophy. Diterjemahkan oleh Tomlinson, Hugh. London: The Athlone Press (dipublikasikan tanggal 1983). ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2. Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.

[:1-3] Veit, Walter (2018). "Existential Nihilism: The Only Really Serious Philosophical Problem". Journal of Camus Studies: 211–236. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804.

[4] 
Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1. ISBN 9780415250696. As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.
Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-04-12. Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence.
"Nihilism". Encyclopædia Britannica. In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe.
Harper, Douglas. "nihilism". Online Etymology Dictionary.

[5] Crosby, Donald A. (1998). "Nihilism". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1. ISBN 9780415250696. As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.

[6] Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-04-12. Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence.

[7] "Nihilism". Encyclopædia Britannica. In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe.

[8] Harper, Douglas. "nihilism". Online Etymology Dictionary.

[IEP-5] Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-16. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link)

[SEP-6] "The Meaning of Life#Nihilism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2020.

[terBorg1988-7] ter Borg, Meerten B. (1988). "The Problem of Nihilism: A Sociological Approach". Sociological Analysis. 49 (1): 1–16. doi:10.2307/3711099. JSTOR 3711099.

[Nihilism_Before_Nietzsche-8] 
Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486.
Deleuze, Gilles (1983) [1962]. Nietzsche and Philosophy. Diterjemahkan oleh Tomlinson, Hugh. London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2.

[13] Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486.

[14] Deleuze, Gilles (1983) [1962]. Nietzsche and Philosophy. Diterjemahkan oleh Tomlinson, Hugh. London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2.

[9] Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486.

[10] 
Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486.
Petrov, Kristian (2019). "'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation". Stud East Eur Thought. 71 (2): 73–97. doi:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4  .

[17] Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486.

[18] Petrov, Kristian (2019). "'Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation". Stud East Eur Thought. 71 (2): 73–97. doi:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4  .

[11] Cited in Woodward, Ashley. 2002. "Nihilism and the Postmodern in Vattimo's Nietzsche." Minerva 6. ISSN 1393-614X. Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. fn 1.

[12] Baudrillard, Jean. 1993. "Game with Vestiges." In Baudrillard Live, edited by M. Gane.

[13] Baudrillard, Jean. [1981] 1994. "On Nihilism." In Simulacra and Simulation, translated by S. F. Glasser.

[14] See:
Toynbee, Arnold J. 1963. A Study of History VIII & IX;
Mills, C. Wright. 1959. The Sociological Imagination;
Bell, Daniel. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism.

[23] Toynbee, Arnold J. 1963. A Study of History VIII & IX;

[24] Mills, C. Wright. 1959. The Sociological Imagination;

[25] Bell, Daniel. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism.

[15] see: Rose, Gillian. 1984. Dialectic of Nihilism; Carr, Karen L. 1988. The Banalization of Nihilism; Pope John-Paul II. 1995. Evangelium vitae: Il valore e l'inviolabilita delta vita umana. Milan: Paoline Editoriale Libri."

[16] Leffel, Jim; Dennis McCallum. "The Postmodern Challenge: Facing the Spirit of the Age". Christian Research Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2006-08-19. ...the nihilism and loneliness of postmodern culture...

[phillips-17] Phillips, Robert (1999). "Deconstructing the Mass". Latin Mass Magazine (Winter). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2004-04-17. For deconstructionists, not only is there no truth to know, there is no self to know it and so there is no soul to save or lose." and "In following the Enlightenment to its logical end, deconstruction reaches nihilism. The meaning of human life is reduced to whatever happens to interest us at the moment...

[18] Pratt, Alan. "Existential Nihilism | Nihilism." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Salinan arsip". Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-16. Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (link) : Existential nihilism is "the notion that life has no intrinsic meaning or value, and it is, no doubt, the most commonly used and understood sense of the word today."

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