Mahmud dari Ghazni
Mahmud dari Ghazni (bahasa Persia: محمود غزنوی; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030) atau Mahmud Ghaznavi[1] adalah pendiri dinasti Turkic Ghaznawiyah,[2][3] yang berkuasa dari 998 sampai 1030. Pada masa kematiannya, kerajaannya berubah menjadi kekaisaran militer yang luas, yang terbentang dari barat laut Iran sampai Punjab di anak benua India, Khwarazm di Transoxiana, dan Makran.
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 Mahmud dari Ghazni (tengah) menerima sebuah jubah dari Khalifah Al-Qadir; lukisan karya Rashid-al-Din Hamadani | |||||
| Sultan Kekaisaran Ghaznawiyah | |||||
| Berkuasa |
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| Pendahulu | Ismail dari Ghazni | ||||
| Penerus | Muhammad dari Ghazni | ||||
| Kelahiran | 2 November 971 Ghazni, Zabulistan, Kekaisaran Samaniyah (kini Afganistan) | ||||
| Kematian | 30 April 1030 (umur 58) Ghazni, Zabulistan, Kekaisaran Ghaznawiyah (kini Afganistan) | ||||
| Pemakaman | Ghazni | ||||
| Keturunan |
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| Persia | یمینالدوله ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین | ||||
| Dinasti | Ghaznawiyah | ||||
| Ayah | Sabuktigin | ||||
| Agama | |||||
| Karier militer | |||||
| Lama dinas | s. 998–1030 | ||||
| Penghargaan | Jubah kehormatan dari Khalifah Al-Qadir pada 1000 Masehi. | ||||
Referensi
sunting- ^ Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum (dalam bahasa Inggris). D.K. Printworld. hlm. 39. ISBN 978-81-246-0015-3.
- ^ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. p. 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time.
- ^ C.E.Bosworth, "The Ghaznavids: 994–1040", Edinburgh University Press, 1963; p.4
Sumber
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- Bosworth, C.E. (1963). The Ghaznavids 994–1040
. Edinburgh University Press. - Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "Abu'l-Ḥasan Esfarāʾīnī". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. hlm. 303–304.
- Bosworth, C.E. (1991). "Mahmud bin Sebuktigin". Encyclopedia of Islam. E.J.Brill. VI.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (2012). "Maḥmud b. Sebüktegin". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Nazim, M.; Bosworth, C. Edmund (1991). "The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107–108". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VI. Brill. hlm. 1–1044. ISBN 90-04-08112-7.
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- Habib, Mohammad (1965). Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznin. S. Chand & Co.
- Hanifi, Manzoor Ahmad (1964). A Short History of Muslim rule in Indo-Pakistan. Ideal Library.
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- Kumar, Raj (2008). History of the Chamar Dynasty : (From 6Th Century A.D. To 12Th Century A.D.). Kalpaz Publications.
- Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (2003) [first published 1952]. Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass.
- Meri, Josef W. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. hlm. 1–1088. ISBN 9781135455965.
- Nazim, Muhammad (1931). The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-45659-4.
- Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq (2009). Afghanistan's Political Stability: A Dream Unrealised. Ashgate Publishing.
- Ramachandran, Sudha (3 September 2005). "Asia's missiles strike at the heart". Asia Times Online.
- Ritter, Hellmut (2003). Handbook of Oriental studies: Near and Middle East. 69. Brill.
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- Thapar, Romila (2005). Somanatha:The Many Voices of a History. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9781844670208.
- Virani, Shafique N. (2007). The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005), Shaping of Modern Gujarat, Penguin UK, ISBN 8184751850
Pranala luar
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Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Mahmud of Ghazni.
- UCLA website
- Mahmud of Ghazna Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition)
- Mahmud Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
- Ghaznavid Dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
- Ghaznavids and Ghurids Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
- Mahmud Ghazni
- History of Iran: Ghaznevid Dynasty
- Rewriting history and Mahmud of Ghazni
- [1] Online Copy:Last Accessed 11 October 2007 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period
- Tarikh Yamini, or Kitabu-l Yami of Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi.