Kritisisme

Kritisisme adalah penilaian yang berfokus pada sisi negatif dari sesuatu atau seseorang. Kritisisme bisa berupa tanggapan instan maupun tertulis dan terperinci.^[1] Kritisisme terbagi menjadi beberapa jenis seperti "teoretis, praktis, impresionistik, afektif, preskriptif, atau deskriptif.".^[2]

Kritisisme juga bisa berupa ekspresi ketidaksetujuan.^[1] Saat kritisisme bersifat konstruktif, hal ini memberikan manfaat berupa kesadaran pada individu penerima, dan dapat membuka jalan diskusi yang lebih tenang.^[3]^[4]^[5] Riset mendukung gagasan bahwa umpan balik disertai kritisisme bisa sangat membangun dalam proses pembelajaran.^[6]^[7]^[8]

^ ^a ^b "Critcism". Cambridge Dictionary. | "the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad
^ "Criticism". Oxford Dictionary. | "The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."
^ Fong, Carlton J.; Warner, Jayce R.; Williams, Kyle M.; Schallert, Diane L.; Chen, Ling-Hui; Williamson, Zachary H.; Lin, Shengjie (July 2016). "Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback". Learning and Individual Differences. 49: 393–399. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019. ISSN 1041-6080.
^ Winstone, Naomi E.; Nash, Robert A.; Parker, Michael; Rowntree, James (2017-01-02). "Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes". Educational Psychologist (dalam bahasa Inggris). 52 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538 . ISSN 0046-1520.
^ Shute, Valerie J. (2008-03-01). "Focus on Formative Feedback". Review of Educational Research (dalam bahasa Inggris). 78: 153–189. doi:10.3102/0034654307313795. hdl:20.500.12749/2996.
^ Kluger, Avraham N.; DeNisi, Angelo (March 1996). "The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory". Psychological Bulletin. 119 (2): 254–284. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254. ISSN 1939-1455.
^ The Power of Feedback. 2014-06-27. doi:10.4324/9781315813875. ISBN 9781315813875.
^ Brown, Gavin T.L.; Harris, Lois R.; Harnett, Jennifer (October 2012). "Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being". Teaching and Teacher Education. 28 (7): 968–978. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003. ISSN 0742-051X.

[Cambridge-1] "Critcism". Cambridge Dictionary. | "the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone or the act of saying that something or someone is bad

[Oxford-2] "Criticism". Oxford Dictionary. | "The reasoned discussion of literary works, an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures, in varying proportions: the defence of literature against moralists and censors, classification of a work according to its genre, interpretation of its meaning, analysis of its structure and style, judgement of its worth by comparison with other works, estimation of its likely effect on readers, and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understood."

[3] Fong, Carlton J.; Warner, Jayce R.; Williams, Kyle M.; Schallert, Diane L.; Chen, Ling-Hui; Williamson, Zachary H.; Lin, Shengjie (July 2016). "Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback". Learning and Individual Differences. 49: 393–399. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019. ISSN 1041-6080.

[4] Winstone, Naomi E.; Nash, Robert A.; Parker, Michael; Rowntree, James (2017-01-02). "Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes". Educational Psychologist (dalam bahasa Inggris). 52 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538 . ISSN 0046-1520.

[5] Shute, Valerie J. (2008-03-01). "Focus on Formative Feedback". Review of Educational Research (dalam bahasa Inggris). 78: 153–189. doi:10.3102/0034654307313795. hdl:20.500.12749/2996.

[6] Kluger, Avraham N.; DeNisi, Angelo (March 1996). "The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory". Psychological Bulletin. 119 (2): 254–284. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254. ISSN 1939-1455.

[7] The Power of Feedback. 2014-06-27. doi:10.4324/9781315813875. ISBN 9781315813875.

[8] Brown, Gavin T.L.; Harris, Lois R.; Harnett, Jennifer (October 2012). "Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being". Teaching and Teacher Education. 28 (7): 968–978. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003. ISSN 0742-051X.

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