Komune Abad Pertengahan

Komune Abad Pertengahan dalam Abad Pertengahan Eropa telah menetapkan alegiansi pertahanan timbal balik (baik pertahanan fisik dan kemerdekaan tradisional) di antara warga perkotaan, dengan memiliki banyak bentuk dan ragam dalam organisasi dan susunan.

Menara pertahanan di San Gimignano, Tuskania, yang menjadi saksi perselisihan antar kelompok dalam komune tersebut.

Sumber

• Cantor, Norman E. 1993. The Civilization of the Middle Ages (New York: HarperCollins)
• Jones, Philip. 1997. The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria. (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
• Lansing, Carol, 1992. The Florentine Magnates: Lineage and Faction in a Medieval Commune. (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
• Sella, Pietro, "The Statutes of the Commune of Bugelle (Biella)" 1904. 14th-century statutes of a Piedmontese commune (Latin and English translations), express the nature of the commune in vivid detail, productions of medieval society and the medieval personality.
• Tobacco, Giovanni, 1989. The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Rule, 400-1400, translator, Rosalind Brown Jensen (New York: Cambridge University Press)
• Waley, Donald, 1969 etc. The Italian City-Republics (3rd ed. New York: Longman, 1988.)
• Guelph University, "The Urban Past: IV. The Medieval City" A bibliography.

Pranala luar

• Encyclopædia Britannica 1911: "Medieval commune"
• (dalam bahasa Italia) Itinerari medievali: risorse per lo studio del Medioevo