Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Dunia I

Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Dunia dimulai pada bulan April 1917, dua setengah tahun setelah Presiden Woodrow Wilson menyatakan bahwa Amerika Serikat akan tetap netral sepanjang Perang Dunia I. Rakyat Amerika Serikat tidak tahu bahwa perang akan pecah di Eropa pada musim panas 1914, dan puluhan ribu wisatawan dikejutkan oleh peristiwa ini. Pemerintah A.S. di bawah kepemimpinan Wilson mengumumkan bahwa "pikiran maupun niat" Amerika Serikat tidak berpihak.^[1] Selain unsur-unsur Anglofilia yang mendukung Britania, opini publik Amerika Serikat awalnya netral. Posisi netral sangat kuat di kalangan warga Irlandia Amerika, Jerman Amerika, dan Swedia Amerika,^[2] serta para pemimpin gereja dan wanita. Di sisi lain, sebelum perang pecah, opini publik A.S. terhadap Jerman jauh lebih negatif dibandingkan opini mereka terhadap negara lain di Eropa.^[3] Rakyat memandang Kekaisaran Jerman sebagai musuh setelah mengetahui aksi kekerasan di Belgia tahun 1914, dan penenggelaman kapal penumpang RMS Lusitania tahun 1915 yang berlawanan dengan hukum internasional. Wilson membuat semua keputusan penting dan menjalankan ekonomi secara damai, namun tetap memberi pinjaman besar kepada Britania dan Prancis. Agar Amerika Serikat tidak dianggap memiliki ancaman militer, Wilson membuat persiapan perang yang sedikit dan membentuk militer berukuran kecil meski ditekan untuk membuat persiapan besar. Namun demikian, ia justru memperbesar ukuran Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat.

Poster-poster obligasi perang memusuhi Jerman setelah pemerintah A.S. menyatakan perang

Pada awal 1917, Jerman memutuskan untuk melanjutkan perang kapal selam total terhadap semua kapal dagang yang menuju ke Britania Raya. Keputusan ini hampir pasti berarti perang melawan Amerika Serikat. Jerman juga menawarkan persekutuan militer dengan Meksiko dalam telegram Zimmermann. Bocornya telegram tersebut dan penenggelaman kapal-kapal Amerika Serikat di Atlantik Utara oleh U-boat Jerman membuat rakyat A.S. meradang. Wilson meminta "perang untuk mengakhiri perang" yang akan "membuat demokrasi berdiri di dunia tanpa gangguan" kepada Kongres. Kongres memutuskan untuk menyatakan perang melawan Jerman pada tanggal 6 April 1917.^[4] Tanggal 7 Desember 1917, Amerika Serikat menyatakan perang melawan Kekaisaran Austria-Hungaria.^[5]^[6]

Lihat pula

Catatan kaki

^ Attributed afterwards. See: "Ten Years After". Lawrence Journal World. July 28, 1924. Diakses tanggal July 24, 2012. Original quote, "be neutral in fact as well as in name ... be impartial in thought as well as in action". See: "The American People and the Great War". The Independent. August 31, 1914. Diakses tanggal July 24, 2012. and Message to Senate
^ Jeanette Keith (2004). Rich Man's War, Poor Man's Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South during the First World War. U. of North Carolina Press. hlm. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-8078-7589-6.
^ Barnes, Harry Elmer. The Genesis of the World War (1925) pp. 590-591
^ Link, Arthur S. (1972). Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917. New York: Harper & Row. hlm. 252–282.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama AHS1
^ Jennifer K. Elsea; Matthew C. Weed (April 18, 2014). "Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications" (PDF). hlm. 9. Diakses tanggal July 21, 2014.

Daftar pustaka

Ambrosius, Lloyd E. "Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush: Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies," Diplomatic History, 30 (June 2006), 509–43.
Arnett, Alex Mathews. Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies. 1937. OCLC 1278853Kitchen was an antiwar Democrat in the House
Bassett, John Spencer. Our War with Germany: A History (1919) online edition
*Brands, H.W. Theodore Roosevelt (2001)OCLC 50431515, full biography online edition
Clements, Kendrick A. "Woodrow Wilson and World War I," Presidential Studies Quarterly 34:1 (2004). pp 62+. online edition
Clifford, J. Garry. Citizen Soldiers: The Plattsburgh Training Camp Movement, 1913–1920 (1972)
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Coffman, Edward M. The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (1998) ISBN 0-8131-0955-8 OCLC 38842092
Cummins, Cedric Clisten. Indiana public opinion and the World War, 1914–1917, (1945)
Davis, Allen F. American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams. (Oxford University Press, 1973) ISBN 0-19-501694-7 OCLC 714527
Doenecke, Justus D. Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America's Entry into World War I (2011) 433 pages; comprehensive history online ISBN 978-0-8131-3002-6 OCLC 682895305
Early, Frances H. A World without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. (Syracuse University Press, 1997) ISBN 0-8156-2764-5 OCLC 36800616
Esposito, David M. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson: American War Aims in World War I. (Praeger, 1996) 159pp online edition ISBN 0-275-95493-5 OCLC 33244422
Finnegan, John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon: The Campaign for American Military Preparedness, 1914–1917. (1975). ISBN 0-8371-7376-0 OCLC 983933
Floyd, M. Ryan (2013). Abandoning American Neutrality: Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War, August 1914-December 1915. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-33411-4 OCLC 836748335
Gibbs, Christopher C. The Great Silent Majority: Missouri's Resistance to World War I. 1988. ISBN 0-8262-0683-2 OCLC 17676727
Grubbs, Frank L. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty: Gompers, the A. F. of L., and the Pacifists, 1917–1920. 1968. OCLC 640024383
Herman, Sondra. Eleven Against War: Studies in American Internationalist Thought, 1898–1921. 1969. OCLC 23333
Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook. 2003. ISBN 0-313-28850-X OCLC 51922814, 475pp; highly detailed historiography, online edition
Hodgson, Godfrey. Woodrow Wilson's Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House. 2006. ISBN 0-300-09269-5 OCLC 61864854 335pp
Kazal, Russell A. Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity. 2004. 390 pp. ISBN 0-691-05015-5 OCLC 52509620
Kennedy, David M. Over Here: The First World War and American Society (1982), covers politics & economics & society online edition ISBN 0-19-502729-9 OCLC 6085939
Kennedy, Ross A. "Preparedness," in Ross A. Kennedy ed., A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 2013. pp: 270-86 ISBN 978-1-4443-3737-2 OCLC 808244737
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Knock, Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19-507501-3 OCLC 25317305
Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917. 1972.
Link, Arthur S. Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality: 1914–1915 (1960); Wilson: Confusions and Crises: 1915–1916 (1964); Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916–1917 (1965) all 3 volumes are online at ACLS e-books Diarsipkan 2000-07-07 di Wayback Machine.
Link, Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist: A Look at His Major Foreign Policies Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957. online edition OCLC 475072
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May, Ernest R. The World War and American Isolation, 1914–1917 (1959) online at ACLS e-books Diarsipkan 2000-07-07 di Wayback Machine., highly influential study
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Tucker, Robert W. Woodrow Wilson and the Great War: Reconsidering America's Neutrality, 1914–1917. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8139-2629-2
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Ward, Robert D. "The Origin and Activities of the National Security League, 1914–1919." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 (1960): 51–65. online at JSTOR
Witcover, Jules. Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany's Secret War in America. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 1989. ISBN 0-912697-98-9 OCLC 18379558

Historiografi

Doenecke, Justus D. "Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War." in Ross Kennedy ed., A Companion to Woodrow Wilson (2013) pp: 243-69 Online; covers the historiography

Sumber primer

The Papers of Woodrow Wilson Diarsipkan 2014-11-01 di Wayback Machine. edited by Arthur S. Link complete in 69 vol, at major academic libraries. Annotated edition of all of WW's letters, speeches and writings plus many letters written to him
Wilson, Woodrow. Why We Are at War (1917) six war messages to Congress, Jan- April 1917

Pranala luar

NY Times main headline, April 2, 1917, President Calls for War Declaration, Stronger Navy, New Army of 500,000 Men, Full Cooperation With Germany's Foes
Extensive essay on Woodrow Wilson and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs Diarsipkan 2008-11-21 di Wayback Machine.
President Wilson's War Address
Map of Europe Diarsipkan 2012-07-06 di Wayback Machine. at the time of the US declaration of war on Germany at omniatlas.com

Templat:Woodrow Wilson

[1] Attributed afterwards. See: "Ten Years After". Lawrence Journal World. July 28, 1924. Diakses tanggal July 24, 2012. Original quote, "be neutral in fact as well as in name ... be impartial in thought as well as in action". See: "The American People and the Great War". The Independent. August 31, 1914. Diakses tanggal July 24, 2012. and Message to Senate

[2] Jeanette Keith (2004). Rich Man's War, Poor Man's Fight: Race, Class, and Power in the Rural South during the First World War. U. of North Carolina Press. hlm. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-8078-7589-6.

[3] Barnes, Harry Elmer. The Genesis of the World War (1925) pp. 590-591

[4] Link, Arthur S. (1972). Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917. New York: Harper & Row. hlm. 252–282.

[AHS1-5] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama AHS1

[ElseaWeed-6] Jennifer K. Elsea; Matthew C. Weed (April 18, 2014). "Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications" (PDF). hlm. 9. Diakses tanggal July 21, 2014.

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