Kerajaan Asyur Baru

Kerajaan Asyur Baru
Kerajaan Asyur Baru;
934 SM–609 SM
	Bendera
	Peta Kekaisaran Asyur Baru dan ekspansinya
Ibu kota	Assur, kemudian Nineveh
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Bahasa Aram
Agama	Henoteisme
Pemerintahan	Monarki
Raja
• 934–912 SM	Ashur-dan II (pertama)
• 612–609 SM	Ashur-uballit II (terakhir)
Era Sejarah	Zaman Besi
• Ashur-dan II	934 SM
• Pertempuran Niniwe	612 SM
• Pertempuran Megiddo	609 SM
Didahului oleh	Digantikan oleh
	ksrKekaisaran Asyur Pertengahan
	Elam
	dnsDinasti keduapuluh lima Mesir
	krjKerajaan Israel (Samaria)
ksrKekaisaran Media
ksrKekaisaran Babilonia Baru
dnsDinasti keduapuluh enam Mesir
	Sunting kotak info • Lihat • BicaraBantuan penggunaan templat ini

Kerajaan Asyur Baru adalah sebuah entitas politik bangsa Asyur di Mesopotamia pada 934 SM sampai 608 SM.^[1] Pada masa kejayaan kerajaan ini, bangsa Asyur menjadi bangsa terkuat di dunia, bersaing dengan Babilonia, Mesir, Urartu/Armenia^[2] dan Elam dalam memperebutkan kekuasaan di Timur Dekat dan Mediterania timur, Kerajaan ini menjadi kuat melalui reformasi oleh Tiglath-Pileser III pada abad ke-8 SM.^[3]^[4]

Asyur pada awalnya merupakan kerajaan Akkadia kecil yang berkembang pada abad ke 23 sampai 21 SM. Raja-raja Asyur hanyalah pemimpin regional dan merupakan bawahan Sargon dari Akkad, yang menyatukan semua bangsa berbahasa Akkadia di Mesopotamia di bawah Kekaisaran Akkadia, yang bertahan dari 2270 SM sampai 2080 SM. Setelah Kekaisaran Akkadia runtuh, bangsa Asyur dan Babilonia dapat berkembang. Pada periode Asyur Kuno pada Zaman Perunggu Awal, Asyur menjadi kerajaan di Mesopotamia utara (Irak utara modern), memperebutkan dominasi dan melawan saingannya di Mesopotamia selatan yang juga berbahasa Akkadia, yaitu Babilonia, yang sering kali berada di bawah kekuasaan bangsa Kassit. Pada periode ini, Asyur juga membuat koloni-koloni di Asia Kecil.

Asira mengalami pasang surut kekuasaan pada periode Asyur Pertegahan. Asyur mengalami periode kekasiaran di bawah kekuasaan Shamshi-Adad I pada abad ke-18 dan 17 SM, Setelah itu Asyur berada di bawah dominasi Babilonia, lalu Mittani-Hurria pada abad ke-17 - 15 SM. Asyur kemudian menjadi kerajaan yang kuat pada 1365 SM sampai 1076 SM, yang meliputi pemeritahan raja-raja besar, misalnya Ashur-uballit I, Tukulti-Ninurta I dan Tiglath-Pileser I. Dimulai dengan kampanye Adad-nirari II, Asyur lagi-lagi menjadi kerajaan yang kuat. Kerajaan Asyur menjatuhkan Dinasti Kedua puluh lima Mesir dan menaklukan Mesir, Babilonia, Elam, Urartu, Media, Persia, Mannea, Gutium, Punisia/Kanaan, Aramea (Suriah), Arab, Israel, Yehuda, Palestina, Edom, Moab, Samarra, Kilikia, Siprus, Khaldea, Nabatea, Kommagene, Dilmun; menaklukan bangsa Hurria, bangsa Shutu dan bangsa Hittit; mengsuir bangsa Nubia, bangsa Kushit dan bangsa Ethiopia dari Mesir; mengalahkan bangsa Kimmeria dan bangsa Skithia; dan memperoleh upeti dari Frigia, Magan, dan Punt.

Periode Asyur Pertengahan digantikan oleh Kerajaan Asyur Baru (abad ke-14 sampai 10 SM). Beberapa sejarawan, contohnya Richard Nelson Frye, berpendapat bahwa Kerajaan Asyur Baru adalah imperium sesungguhnya yang pertama dalam sejarah manusia.^[5] Pada periode ini, bahasa Aram menjadi bahasa resmi kerajaan, bersama dengan dengan bahasa Akkadia.^[5] Asyur juga mengembangkan sistem komunikasi cepat untuk surat-surat pemerintahan dan kebijakan perpindahan penduduk untuk memperkuat politik, ekonomi dan budaya kerajaan.

Kerajaan Asyur Baru ditaklukan oleh persekutuan bangsa Babilonia, Medes, Skithia, dan bangsa-bangsa lainnya dalam peristiwa Kejatuhan Niniwe pada 612 SM, serta penghancuran ibu kotanya, Harran, pada 608 SM. Lebih dari setengah abad kemudian, Babilonia dan Asyur menjadi provinsi di Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah. Setelah runtuh, budaya Asyur tetap berpengaruh terhadap kekaisaran Media dan Persia.^[6]

Catatan kaki

^ Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Assyriology. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Vol 18, N0. 2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2011-07-17. The Neo-Assyrian Empire (934-609 BC) was a multi-ethnic state composed of many peoples and tribes of different origins.
^ http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/meso/obelisk.html
^ "Assyrian Eponym List". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-14. Diakses tanggal 2011-07-17.
^ Tadmor, H. (1994). The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria.pp.29
^ ^a ^b Frye, Richard N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms". PhD., Harvard University. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. What do I mean, it had many different peoples included in the empire, all speaking Aramaic, and becoming what may be called, "Assyrian citizens." That was the first time in history, that we have this. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent.
^ Hirad Dinavari. "More alike than different". The Iranian. The cultural give and take influenced the many things some of which are the cuneiform writing and the building of ziggurats which the later Assyrians and the Achaemenid (Hakhamaneshi) Persians inherited. The Assyrians for the most part were responsible for the destruction of the Elamite civilization but the Assyrians influenced the cultures of Media and Urartu and the influence of Elam lived on among the Medes and Persians. The various Iranian speaking peoples who had been coming into what is now Caucasus Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia since around 4 thousand BCE were heavily influenced by the aboriginal Elamites and the Semitic Babylonians and Assyrians. This difference can be most noticed when one compares other Iranian speaking peoples who lived in Eurasia like the Scything and Sarmatians whose culture was very different with that of Iranian tribes who settled in the Iranian Plateau and became more intertwined with Slavic peoples. So from that far back Iran (the geographic location) has been qmulti-ethnic.

Rujukan

Women and their Agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire Diarsipkan 2013-05-24 di Wayback Machine., Saana Teppo, Master's Thesis, April 2005. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Arts, Institute for Asian and African Studies, Assyriology.

Pranala luar

[1] Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Assyriology. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Vol 18, N0. 2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2011-07-17. The Neo-Assyrian Empire (934-609 BC) was a multi-ethnic state composed of many peoples and tribes of different origins.

[kchanson.com-2] ttp://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/meso/obelisk.html

[3] "Assyrian Eponym List". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-11-14. Diakses tanggal 2011-07-17.

[4] Tadmor, H. (1994). The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria.pp.29

[Frye-5] Frye, Richard N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms". PhD., Harvard University. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. And the ancient Assyrian empire, was the first real, empire in history. What do I mean, it had many different peoples included in the empire, all speaking Aramaic, and becoming what may be called, "Assyrian citizens." That was the first time in history, that we have this. For example, Elamite musicians, were brought to Nineveh, and they were 'made Assyrians' which means, that Assyria, was more than a small country, it was the empire, the whole Fertile Crescent.

[Assyrian_Influence-6] Hirad Dinavari. "More alike than different". The Iranian. The cultural give and take influenced the many things some of which are the cuneiform writing and the building of ziggurats which the later Assyrians and the Achaemenid (Hakhamaneshi) Persians inherited. The Assyrians for the most part were responsible for the destruction of the Elamite civilization but the Assyrians influenced the cultures of Media and Urartu and the influence of Elam lived on among the Medes and Persians. The various Iranian speaking peoples who had been coming into what is now Caucasus Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia since around 4 thousand BCE were heavily influenced by the aboriginal Elamites and the Semitic Babylonians and Assyrians. This difference can be most noticed when one compares other Iranian speaking peoples who lived in Eurasia like the Scything and Sarmatians whose culture was very different with that of Iranian tribes who settled in the Iranian Plateau and became more intertwined with Slavic peoples. So from that far back Iran (the geographic location) has been qmulti-ethnic.

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