Kadipaten puak

Kadipaten suku atau kadipaten puak (bahasa Jerman: Stammesherzogtum, dari kata Stamm, yang berarti "suku", yang mengacu kepada suku-suku Jermanik Franka, Sachsen, Bayern, dan Schwaben) adalah sebuah kadipaten yang menjadi bagian dari Kerajaan Jerman pada masa kepunahan Dinasti Karoling (kematian Ludwig si Anak pada tahun 911) dan periode transisi menuju pembentukan Kekaisaran Romawi Suci pada abad ke-10. Wangsa Karoling sebelumnya telah membubarkan kadipaten-kadipaten suku Kekaisaran Franka pada abad ke-8. Setelah Kekaisaran Karoling mengalami kemunduran pada akhir abad ke-9, wilayah-wilayah suku lama mulai menggunakan identitas baru sebagai satuan daerah kerajaan. Subdivisi-subdivisi tersebut adalah lima kadipaten suku Bayern, Franken, Lotharingia, Sachsen dan Schwaben (Alemannia).^[1] Kadipaten-kadipaten suku ini tetap dipertahankan sebagai satuan daerah Jerman pada masa Dinasti Sali, tetapi sistem ini mulai tertinggal zaman pada masa Wangsa Hohenstaufen. Pada akhirnya kadipaten-kadipaten suku dibubarkan pada tahun 1180 oleh Frederick Barbarossa dan digantikan oleh kadipaten-kadipaten teritorial yang lebih banyak jumlahnya.

Istilah Stammesherzogtum dalam historiografi Jerman berasal dari pertengahan abad ke-19 dan dari awal sangat terkait dengan permasalahan penyatuan Jerman. Maka dari itu, penggunaan istilah ini dan ciri kadipaten suku di Jerman abad pertengahan telah menjadi subjek yang sangat diperdebatkan dalam ilmu sejarah. Istilah "stem duchy" dalam bahasa Inggris yang merupakan terjemahan harfiah dicetuskan pada awal abad ke-20.^[2] Semenjak itu, istilah "stem duchies" menjadi istilah yang umum digunakan.^[3] Maka dari itu, dalam bahasa Indonesia, istilah ini dapat diterjemahkan secara harfiah menjadi "kadipaten suku".

Catatan kaki

^ See Donald C. Jackman, The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology, 1990, p. 87, citing Hans-Werner Guetz, "Dux" und "Ducatus." Begriffs- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Enstehung des sogenannten "jüngeren Stammesherzogtums" an der Wende vom neunten zum zehnten Jahrhundert, 1977.
^ Ephraim Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (814-1300), 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" pp. 89–114; Emerton menggunakan kata stem dalam artian yang sudah lagi tidak digunakan "darah, ras, keturunan" (Webster's (1828): "a race or generation of progenitors"; Oxford Dictionaries Diarsipkan 2016-09-13 di Wayback Machine.: "(archaic or literary) The main line of descent of a family or nation"). "We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (hlm. 105); "All five stems were represented [at the election of Conrad II in 1024] by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (hlm. 175)
^ "Germany consisted in 911 of the five tribal, or, as the Germans call them, 'stem' (Stamm), duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine. [...] The people of the various 'stem' duchies showed characteristic traits also in culture and language. And though the tribal duchies had lost their political role in German history by the thirteenth century and had been replaced by other and usually smaller regional units, their tribal dialects and folklore have survived to the present day and even now act as strong forces toward cultural diversity. In this respect, 'Teutonic' Germany has had a thousand years of historical unity." Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation, 1982, hlm. 4.

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[Goetz-1] See Donald C. Jackman, The Konradiner: A Study in Genealogical Methodology, 1990, p. 87, citing Hans-Werner Guetz, "Dux" und "Ducatus." Begriffs- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur Enstehung des sogenannten "jüngeren Stammesherzogtums" an der Wende vom neunten zum zehnten Jahrhundert, 1977.

[2] Ephraim Emerton, Mediaeval Europe (814-1300), 1903; "Revival of the Roman Empire on a German Basis, 888–950" pp. 89–114; Emerton menggunakan kata stem dalam artian yang sudah lagi tidak digunakan "darah, ras, keturunan" (Webster's (1828): "a race or generation of progenitors"; Oxford Dictionaries Diarsipkan 2016-09-13 di Wayback Machine.: "(archaic or literary) The main line of descent of a family or nation"). "We may fairly think of the German kingdom under Henry I as a federation of five distinct stems, each far more conscious of its stem-unity than of its share in the unity of the nation" (hlm. 105); "All five stems were represented [at the election of Conrad II in 1024] by their leading men, not yet, so far as we know, by any well-defined process of representation, but only in pursuance of the ancient Germanic principle that every man who carried a sword had a right to speak on matters of the public weal." (hlm. 175)

[3] "Germany consisted in 911 of the five tribal, or, as the Germans call them, 'stem' (Stamm), duchies of Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine. [...] The people of the various 'stem' duchies showed characteristic traits also in culture and language. And though the tribal duchies had lost their political role in German history by the thirteenth century and had been replaced by other and usually smaller regional units, their tribal dialects and folklore have survived to the present day and even now act as strong forces toward cultural diversity. In this respect, 'Teutonic' Germany has had a thousand years of historical unity." Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation, 1982, hlm. 4.

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