Bahasa Inggris India
Bahasa Inggris India adalah berbagai bentuk dari karakteristik bahasa Inggris di subbenua India.[1] Bahasa Inggris adalah lingua franca di India dan merupakan bahasa elit politik dan budaya mereka, yang memiliki dampak ekonomi dan sosial bagi para pemakai bahasanya.[2]
Meskipun bahasa Inggris adalah salah satu dari dua puluh dua bahasa resmi di India pada masa sekarang, hanya beberapa ratus ribu orang India yang menjadikan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pertama mereka.[3][4][5][6][7] Menurut Survei Perkembangan Manusia India 2005, dari 41,554 rumah tangga yang disurvei dikabarkan bahwa 72 persen pria (29918) tidak dapat berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris, 28 persen (11635) dapat mengetahui beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris, dan lima persen (2077) dapat berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris. Sementara pada kaum wanita, persentase menyatakan bahwa 83 persen (34489) tidak dapat berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris, 17 persen (7064) dapat mengetahui beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris, dan 3 persen (1246) dapat berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris.[8]
Bahasa Inggris India umumnya menggunakan sistem penomoran India.
Catatan
sunting- ^ Sedlatschek 2009, hlm. 1: Today many regional varieties of English, or Englishes exist around the globe and are slowly but steadily gaining recognition. Indian English (IndE) is one of the oldest.
- ^ Aatish Taseer (19 Maret 2015). "How English Ruined Indian Literature". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 21 Maret 2015.
It has created a linguistic line as unbreachable as the color line once was in the United States.
- ^ Sensus India's Indian Census, Issue 25, 2003, pp 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).
- ^ FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES – Sensus India 2001
- ^ Tropf, Herbert S. 2005. India and its Languages Diarsipkan 2008-03-08 di Wayback Machine.. Siemens AG, Munich
- ^ For the distinction between "English Speakers," and "English Users," please see: TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages)], India: World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country Diarsipkan 2010-12-04 di Wayback Machine.. Their article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Wikipedia article and the current number:
"Wikipedia's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – "English Speakers" and "English Users". The distinction between the Speakers and Users is that Users only know how to read English words while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English as well as form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million that can read English words but, as anyone can see on the streets of China, only a few million are English speakers."
- ^ An analysis of the 2001 Census of India, published in 2010 Diarsipkan 2011-05-04 di Wayback Machine., concluded that approximately 86 million Indians reported English as their second language, and another 39 million reported it as their third language. No data was available whether these individuals were English speakers or users.
- ^ "HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA" (PDF). OUP. 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2014-01-16. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-20.
Referensi
sunting- Balasubramanian, Chandrika (2009), Register Variation in Indian English, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-2311-4
- Ball, Martin J.; Muller, Nicole (2014), Phonetics for Communication Disorders, Routledge, hlm. 289–, ISBN 978-1-317-77795-3
- Baumgardner, Robert Jackson (editor) (1996), South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-06493-7
- Braj B. Kachru (1983). The Indianisation of English: the English language in India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-561353-8.
- Gargesh, Ravinder (17 February 2009), "South Asian Englishes", dalam Braj Kachru; et al., The Handbook of World Englishes, John Wiley & Sons, hlm. 90–, ISBN 978-1-4051-8831-9
- Hickey, Raymond (2004), "South Asian English", Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 536–, ISBN 978-0-521-83020-1
- Lange, Claudia (2012), The Syntax of Spoken Indian English, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-4905-9
- Mehrotra, Raja Ram (1998), Indian English: Texts and Interpretation, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-4716-1
- Sailaja, Pingali (2007), "Writing Systems and Phonological Awareness", dalam Bayer, Josef (ed); Bhattacharya, Tanmoy (ed); Babu, M. T. Hany (ed), Linguistic Theory and South Asian Languages: Essays in honour of K. A. Jayaseelan, John Benjamins Publishing Company, hlm. 249–267, ISBN 978-90-272-9245-2
- Sailaja, Pingali (2009), Indian English, Series: Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2595-6
- Schilk, Marco (2011), Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-0351-2
- Sedlatschek, Andreas (2009), Contemporary Indian English: Variation and Change, Series: Varieties of English Around the World, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-4898-2
Bacaan tambahan
sunting- Henry Yule; Arthur Coke Burnell (1886). HOBSON-JOBSON: Being a glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases. John Murray, London.
- Wells, J C (1982). Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
- Schilk, Marco (undefined). Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9027203512. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-29. Diakses tanggal 19 December 2014.
- Whitworth, George Clifford (1885). An Anglo-Indian dictionary: a glossary of Indian terms used in English, and of such English or other non-Indian terms as have obtained special meanings in India. K. Paul, Trench.
Pranala luar
sunting- English in India di www.confluence.org.uk Galat: URL arsip tidak dikenal (diarsipkan tanggal 20130531024023)
- English Language Proficiency Test (E-SAT) conducted by English Language Teachers Association, Andhra Pradesh (ELTA) for classes 4 to 10
- 'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in a Standard Indian English accent Diarsipkan 2009-10-20 di Wayback Machine., and compare side by side with other English accents from around the World.
- "Linguistic and Social Characteristics of Indian English" by Jason Baldridge: A rather thorough analysis of Indian language published by the "Language In India" magazine.
- On the future of Indian English, by Gurcharan Das.
- An exploration into linguistic majority-minority relations in India, by B. Mallikarjun.
- 108 varieties of Indian English, Dharma Kumar, India Seminar, 2001 (Volume 500).
- What are some English phrases and terms commonly heard in India but rarely used elsewhere?, Pushpendra Mohta 2012.