Hudson's Bay Company
organisasi bisnis ritel dari Kanada, sebelumnya bisnis perdagangan rambut hewan
Hudson's Bay Company (HBC; bahasa Prancis: Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson), biasa disebut The Bay (La Baie dalam bahasa Prancis),[9] adalah organisasi bisnis ritel Kanada. Setelah sebelumnya beroperasi di sektor perdagangan bulu, Hudson's Bay Company kini memiliki dan mengoperasikan pertokoan di Kanada, Jerman, Belgia, dan Amerika Serikat dengan merek Galeria Kaufhof, Gilt, Hudson's Bay, Home Outfitters, Lord & Taylor, Saks Fifth Avenue dan Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5TH. Markas HBC terletak di Simpson Tower di Toronto, Ontario.[10] Perusahaan ini terdaftar di Bursa Saham Toronto dengan simbol "HBC".
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| Terbuka[1] | |
| Kode emiten | TSX: HBC |
| Didirikan | London, Inggris (2 Mei 1670) |
| Kantor pusat | Simpson Tower Toronto, Ontario, Kanada |
Tokoh kunci | Richard Baker,[2] Governor & Executive Chairman[3] Bonnie Brooks, Vice Chairman[4] Elizabeth 'Liz' Rodbell, President[4][5] |
| Pendapatan |  $5,223 miliar CAD (2014) |
| $ 258,1 juta CAD (2014) | |
| Total aset | $7,943 miliar CAD (2014) |
| Pemilik | NRDC Equity Partners |
| Divisi | Galeria Kaufhof Gilt Hudson's Bay Home Outfitters Lord & Taylor Saks Fifth Avenue Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5TH |
| Situs web | www |
Perusahaan ini dibentuk melalui piagam kerajaan Inggris pada tahun 1670 dengan nama The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay. Perusahaan ini berfungsi sebagai pemerintah de facto di sebagian wilayah Amerika Utara sebelum diambil alih oleh Amerika Serikat dan beberapa negara Eropa.[11] HBC pernah menjadi tuan tanah terbesar di dunia yang kekuasaannya mencakup daerah aliran sungai Teluk Hudson (Rupert's Land), 15% dari daratan Amerika Utara. Dari markanya di York Factory, Hudson Bay, perusahaan ini menguasai perdagangan bulu koloni Britania di Amerika Utara selama beberapa abad. Dengan merintis penjelajahan ke pedalaman, para pedagang dan pemburu bulu membina hubungan dengan berbagai suku pribumi. Jaringan pos dagangnya kelak menjadi pusat pemerintahan di sebagian besar Kanada Barat dan Amerika Serikat. Pada akhir abad ke-19, dengan ditandatanganinya Surat Penyerahan Diri, wilayah operasinya diambil alih oleh pemerintah Kanada.
Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, perusahaan ini memperdagangkan berbagai macam barang, mulai dari bulu sampai perabot rumah tangga. HBC dalam waktu singkat menumbuhkan kelas pelanggan baru, yaitu pelanggan yang berbelanja untuk memuaskan diri. Zaman jual-beli dimulai ketika HBC mendirikan jaringan pertokoannya di seluruh Kanada.[12] Bulan Juli 2008, HBC diakuisisi oleh NRDC Equity Partners, pemilik pusat perbelanjaan kelas atas Lord & Taylor di Amerika Serikat.[13] Sejak tahun 2008 hingga 2012, HBC dioperasikan melalui perusahaan holding milik NRDC, Hudson's Bay Trading Company, yang dibubarkan tanggal 23 Januari 2012.[14] Sejak 2012, HBC secara langsung mengoperasikan anak perusahaannya di Kanada, Hudson's Bay (sebelumnya bernama The Bay) dan Home Outfitters, dan Lord & Taylor di Amerika Serikat.
Tanggal 29 Juli 2013, HBC mengumumkan akuisisi Saks, Inc., operator pusat perbelanjaan kelas atas Saks Fifth Avenue asal Amerika Serikat. Merger selesai dilaksanakan pada tanggal 3 November 2013.[15][16] Pada September 2015, HBC mengakuisisi jaringan pusat perbelanjaan Jerman Galeria Kaufhof dan anak perusahaannya di Belgia dari Metro Group dengan nilai 3,2 miliar dolar A.S.[17][18]
Pada Mei 2016, HBC mengumumkan ekspansi ke Belanda dengan mengambil alih 20 pabrik Vroom & Dreesmann tahun 2017. V&D merupakan jaringan pusat perbelanjaan bersejarah di Belanda yang bangkrut dan bubar pada awal 2016. Ekspansi ini akan memakan biaya 340 juta dolar Kanada dan menciptakan 2.500 lapangan kerja ritel dan 2.500 lapangan kerja konstruksi. Pertokoan di Belanda akan dioperasikan dengan merek "Hudson's Bay" dan "Saks Off Fifth".[19]
Tata kelola perusahaan
suntingHingga Januari 2016[update], anggota dewna direksi Hudson's Bay Company adalah:[2]
Gubernur
suntingDaftar Gubernur Hudson's Bay Company:[20]
- 1670–82 Pangeran Rupert dari Rhein[21][22]
- 1683–85 James Stuart, Duke of York, mengundurkan diri sebelum diangkat menjadi James II, Raja Inggris.[23]
- 1685–92 John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough[24][25]
- 1692–96 Sir Stephen Evance[26]
- 1696–1700 Sir William Trumbull[27]
- 1700–12 Sir Stephen Evance
- 1712–43 Sir Bibye Lake[28]
- 1744–46 Benjamin Pitt[29]
- 1746–50 Thomas Knapp[30]
- 1750–60 Sir Atwell Lake[31]
- 1760–70 Sir William Baker[32]
- 1770–82 Sir Bibye Lake, Jr.[33]
- 1782–99 Samuel Wegg[34]
- 1799–1807 Sir James Winter Lake[35]
- 1807–12 William Mainwaring[36]
- 1812–22 Joseph Berens[37]
- 1822–52 Sir John Henry Pelly. Pada tahun 1826, Simpson menjabat gubernur wilayah Kanada.[38]
- 1852–56 Andrew Wedderburn Colvile[39]
- 1856–58 John Shepherd[40]
- 1858–63 Henry Hulse Berens[41]
- 1863–68 Sir Edmund Walker Head[42]
- 1868–69 John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley
- 1869–74 Sir Stafford Henry Northcote[43]
- 1874–80 George Joachim Goschen[44]
- 1880–89 Eden Colvile[45]
- 1889–1914 Donald Alexander Smith[46][47]
- 1914–15 Sir Thomas Skinner[48]
- 1916–25 Sir Robert Molesworth Kindersley
- 1925–31 Charles Vincent Sale
- 1931–52 Sir Patrick Ashley Cooper, gubernur pertama yang mengunjungi cabang HBC di Kanada.[49]
- 1952–65 William Keswick
- 1965–70 Derick Heathcoat-Amory
- 1970–82 George T. Richardson
- 1982–94 Donald S. McGiverin
- 1994–97 David E. Mitchell
- 1997–2006 L. Yves Fortier
- 2006–08 Jerry Zucker
- 2008 Anita Zucker, gubernur perempuan pertama
- 2008–sekarang Richard Baker
Pesaing
suntingHBC adalah satu-satunya perusahaan dagang Eropa yang masih berdiri sampai sekarang.
| Tahun | Perusahaan | Nasib |
|---|---|---|
| 1551–1917 | Muscovy Company | diambil alih pemerintah Uni Soviet |
| 1581–1825 | Levant Company | bubar |
| 1600–1874 | Honourable East India Company | bubar |
| 1602–1800 | Dutch East India Company | bangkrut |
| 1621–1791 | Dutch West India Company | diambil alih pemerintah Belanda |
| 1672–1752 | Royal African Company | digantikan oleh African Company of Merchants |
| 1711–1850s | South Sea Company | bubar karena bangkrut dan Pembelian Louisiana |
| 1779–1821 | North West Company | bergabung dengan HBC |
| 1799–1867 | Russian-American Company | bubar karena wilayah Amerika Rusia dijual ke Amerika Serikat dan aset-aset komersialnya di Amerika Utara dijual ke Hutchinson, Kohl & Company (sekarang Alaska Commercial Company) |
| 1808–42 | American Fur Company | bubar |
Lihat pula
sunting- Topi berang-berang
- Kolonisasi Amerika oleh Britania Raya
- James Douglas (gubernur)
- Token Hudson's Bay
- Kaledonia Baru (Kanada)
- Pemberontakan Barat Laut
- Voyageurs
- Daftar merek Hudson's Bay Company brands
- Daftar pos dagang Hudson's Bay Company
- Daftar pusat perbelanjaan menurut negara#Kanada
- Daftar perusahaan dagang
Referensi
sunting- ^ Spears, John (17 October 2012). "Hudson's Bay Co. to go public again". Toronto Star. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Board of Directors". Hudson's Bay Company. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-20. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015.
- ^ "Hudson's Bay Company Appoints Gerald L. Storch Chief Executive Officer" (Siaran pers). Hudson's Bay Company. 17 December 2014. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015. "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-27.
- ^ a b "HBC Announces Changes in Executive Structure" (Siaran pers). Hudson's Bay Company. 18 June 2013. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015. "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-27.
- ^ Palmieri, Jean E. (7 February 2014). "Hudson's Bay Co. Fetes Liz Rodbell". WWD. Fairchild Publishing. Diakses tanggal 7 February 2014.
- ^ As translated in King James Bible
- ^ "What does your motto "Pro Pelle Cutem" mean?". HBC Heritage FAQ. Hudson's Bay Company. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015.
- ^ Rich, E. E. (April 1961). "Manitoba Pageant: Pro Pelle Cutem, The Hudson's Bay Company Motto". Manitoba Pageant. 6 (3). Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015.
- ^ Shaw, Hollie (6 March 2013). "The Bay gets a new logo for first time in almost 50 years". Financial Post. Diakses tanggal 20 August 2013.
- ^ "Where is your Head Office?". HBC Heritage. Hudson's Bay Company. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015.
- ^ "The Royal Charter of the Hudson's Bay Company". HBC Heritage. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015.
- ^ "Our History: Overview". HBC Heritage. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaGT-DEX-2008-19 - ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaHudson’s Bay Trading Company dissolved - ^ "Saks snapped up by Canada's Hudson's Bay in $2.9bn deal". BBC News. 29 July 2013. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2013.
- ^ "Hudson's Bay completes acquisition of Saks". Yahoo Finance. Associated Press. 4 November 2013. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015.
- ^ "Hudson's Bay Company to Acquire Galeria Holding, Parent of Kaufhof, #1 Department Store in Germany" (Siaran pers). Hudson's Bay Company. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2015. "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-27. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-27.
- ^ "Hudson's Bay Company Completes Acquisition of GALERIA Holding (TSE:HBC)". HBC. 30 September 2015. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-27.
- ^ "HBC to expand to the Netherlands". CBC News. 17 May 2016. Diakses tanggal 17 May 2016.
- ^ "Our History: People: Governors". HBC Heritage. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Our History: People: Governors: His Highness Prince Rupert of the Rhine". HBC Heritage. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Rupert, Prince" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2015.
- ^ Miller, John (2000) [1978]. James II (edisi ke-revised, 3rd). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. hlm. 44. ISBN 978-0-3000-8728-4. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Our History: People: Governors: John, Lord Churchill (later 1st Duke of Marlborough)". HBC Heritage. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Churchill, John" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2015.
- ^ "Evance, Stephen (c.1655–1712), of the 'Black Boy', Lombard Street, London". History of Parliament Online. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2015.
- ^
Courtney, William Prideaux (1899). "Trumbull, William (1639-1716)". Dalam Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. hlm. 265–267.
- ^ "Lake, Bibye (Sir)" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2015.
- ^ "Pitt, Benjamin" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-23. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Knapp, Thomas" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-05. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Lake, Atwell (Sir)" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-05. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2015.
- ^ "Baker, William (Sir)" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-01-07. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Lake, Bibye" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-01-07. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2015.
- ^ "Wegg, Samuel" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-11-20. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2015.
- ^ "Lake, James Winter (Sir)" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Mainwaring, William" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-10-06. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Berens, Joseph" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-05. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Our History: People: Governors: Sir John Henry Pelly, Bart". HBC Heritage. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Colville, Andrew" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-05-18. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2015.
- ^ "Shepherd, John" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Berens, Henry Hulse" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-01-07. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Head, Edmund Walker" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ Sanders, Lloyd Charles (1895). "Northcote, Stafford Henry". Dalam Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 41. London: Smith, Elder & Co. hlm. 194–199.
- ^ "Goschen, George Joachim" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-23. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ Rea, J.E. (1990). "Colvile, Eden". Dalam Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. XII (1891–1900) (edisi ke-online). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ "Our History: People: Governors: Donald A. Smith". HBC Heritage. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Smith, Donald Alexander" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-23. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ "Skinner, Thomas" (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-23. Diakses tanggal 7 October 2015.
- ^ Newman, Peter C. (2004). Here Be Dragons: Telling Tales Of People, Passion and Power. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. hlm. 591. ISBN 0-7710-6792-5. Diakses tanggal 9 October 2015.
Bacaan lanjutan
sunting- Bryce, George (1968). The Remarkable History of Hudson's Bay Company. New York: B. Franklin.
- Buss, Helen M (2003), Undelivered Letters to Hudson's Bay Company Men on the Northwest Coast, University of British Columbia Press, ISBN 0-7748-0973-6
- "The Beaver: Exploring Canada's History". Periodical. An illustrated Canadian history magazine published by the HBC 1920 - 1994. by CNHS since 1994. Winnipeg: Canada's National History Society. 1920.
- Cowie, Isaac (1913). The Company of Adventurers: a Narrative of Seven Years in the Service of the Hudson's Bay Company during 1867–1874, on the Great Buffalo Plains. Toronto: William Briggs.
- Dillon, Richard H. (2012) [1975]. Siskiyou Trail: Hudson's Bay Company Route to California. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-1-6180-9063-8.
- Elle, Andra-Warner (2009), Hudson's Bay Company Adventures: The Rollicking Saga of Canada's Fur Traders, Heritage House, ISBN 978-1-894974-68-4
- Hearne, Samuel (1795). A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay, to the Northern Ocean. London: A. Strahan and T. Cadell Publishers. - 2011 reprint: A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne pada Google Books
- Laut, Agnes C. (1908). The Conquest of the Great Northwest. New York: Outing Publishing.
- MacKay, Douglas (1936). The Honourable Company: A History of the Hudson's Bay Company. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
- Maurice, Edward Beauclerk (2006) [2004]. The Last of the Gentleman Adventurers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 978-0-5477-5432-1.
- Murray, Alexander Hunter (1848). Expedition to Build a Hudson's Bay Company Post on the Yukon, 1847–48.
- Newman, Peter C. (1985). Company of Adventurers, Vol. I. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. ISBN 978-0-6708-0379-8.
- Newman, Peter C. (1987). Caesars of the Wilderness: Company of Adventurers, Vol. II. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. ISBN 978-0-6708-0967-7.
- Newman, Peter C. (1989). Empire of the Bay: An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Company. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. ISBN 978-0-6708-2969-9.
- Newman, Peter C. (1991). Merchant Princes: Company of Adventurers, Vol. III. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. ISBN 978-0-6708-4098-4.
- Newman, Peter C. (2002). An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Company (Previously published as Empire of the Bay). Toronto: Penguin Canada/Madison Press. ISBN 0-6708-2969-2.
- Newman, Peter C. (2005). Company of Adventurers: How the Hudson's Bay Empire Determined the Destiny of a Continent. Toronto: Penguin Canada. ISBN 978-0-1430-5147-3.
- Opp, James (2015). "Branding 'the Bay/la Baie': Corporate Identity, the Hudson's Bay Company, and the Burden of History in the 1960s". Canadian Historical Review. 96#2: 223–256.
- Reed, Charles B. (1914). Masters of the Wilderness. Chicago Historical Society, University of Chicago Press.
- Rich, Edwin Ernest (1958). The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670 – 1870. Volume I.: 1670–1763. Hudson's Bay Record Society.
- Rich, Edwin Ernest (1959). The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670 – 1870. Volume II.: 1763–1870. Hudson's Bay Record Society.
- Rich, Edwin Ernest (1966). Montreal and the Fur Trade. Beatty Memorial Lectures (edisi ke-reprint). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-9431-9.
- Rich, Edwin Ernest (1967). The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
- Simmons, Deidre (2007). Keepers of the Record: The History of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3291-5.
- Tichenor, Harold (2002). The Blanket: An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Point Blanket. Toronto: Quantum Books for Hudson's Bay Company. ISBN 978-1-8958-9220-8.
- Van Kirk, Sylvia (1999) [1980]. Many Tender Ties: Women in the Fur- Trade Society, 1670–1870. Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer. ISBN 978-1-8962-3951-4. - 1983 edition: Many Tender Ties: Women in the Fur- Trade Society, 1670–1870 pada Google Books
- Van Kirk, Sylvia (1984). "The Role of Native Women in the Fur Trade Society of Western Canada, 1670–1830". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. University of Nebraska Press. 7 (3): 9–13. doi:10.2307/3346234. JSTOR 3346234.
- Van Kirk, Sylvia (1991). "The Role of Native Women in the Fur Trade Society of Western Canada, 1670–1830". Dalam Strong-Boag, Veronica; Fellman, Anita Clair. Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women’s History (edisi ke-2nd). Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman. ISBN 978-0-7730-5097-6.
- White, Bruce. M. (Winter 1999). "The Woman who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur Trade". Ethnohistory. Duke University Press. 46 (1): 109–147. JSTOR 483430.
- Willson, Beckles (1900). The Great Company (1667–1871): A History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-adventurers Trading Into Hudson's Bay. London: Smith, Elder and Company. - Also: The Great Company, 1667–1871: Being a History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-Adventurers Trading into Hudson's Bay pada Google Books
Pranala luar
sunting
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Hudson's Bay Company.
- Situs web resmi
- HBC Heritage website
- Hudson's Bay Company Archives – held by the Government of Manitoba
- Karya Hudson's Bay Company di Project Gutenberg
- Karya oleh/tentang Hudson's Bay Company di Internet Archive (pencarian dioptimalkan untuk situs non-Beta)
- John Work Papers. 1823–62. 0.42 cubic feet (1 box). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains records from Work's service as an officer of the Hudson's Bay Company at various company settlements including Fort Vancouver, Fort Colvile, Spokane House, Fort Simpson, Fort Nisqually, and Fort Victoria.
- Hudson's Bay Company papers at the University of Oregon
- The Other Side of the Ledger: An Indian View of the Hudson's Bay Company
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Hudson's Bay Company Diarsipkan 2013-10-16 di Wayback Machine.
- H. Bullock-Webster fonds – An artistic rendition of the Canadian fur trade, from the UBC Library Digital Collections, depicting social life, activities and customs in Hudson's Bay Company posts in the 19th Century
