Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Taiwan

Hubungan Taiwan–Amerika Serikat
Misi diplomatik
Kantor Perwakilan Ekonomi dan Budaya Taipei di Amerika Serikat	Institut Amerika di Taiwan

Republik Tiongkok (umumnya dikenal sebagai Taiwan) dan Amerika Serikat telah mempertahankan hubungan tidak resmi sejak tahun 1979.

Hubungan antara Amerika Serikat dan Dinasti Qing dimulai pada 16 Juni 1844. Hubungan resmi antara pemerintahan Republik Tiongkok di Taiwan dengan pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat berakhir karena pengakuan terhadap Beijing. Amerika Serikat memiliki hubungan dengan "rakyat Taiwan" berdasarkan Undang-Undang Hubungan Taiwan. Kebijakan ambiguitas yang disengaja dari kebijakan luar negeri AS terhadap Republik Tiongkok (ROC) penting untuk menstabilkan hubungan lintas selat dan untuk membantu ROC dari invasi Rakyat Republik Tiongkok (RRT) jika memungkinkan, sedangkan kebijakan transparansi strategis mengenai Taiwan kemungkinan akan menimbulkan penentangan dari RRT dan menantang legitimasi AS di Asia Timur atau di luarnya.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Sejarah

Taiwan di bawah kekuasaan Qing dan Jepang (Pra–1945)

Taman Amerika di Tiga Belas Tempat Perdagangan di Kanton, 1844–1845

Hubungan diplomatik resmi antara Amerika Serikat dan Kekaisaran Tiongkok dimulai sekitar 16 Juni 1844 ketika kedua negara tersebut terlibat dalam perundingan yang mengarah pada Traktat Wangxia. Dari tahun 1784, para konsul dikirim ke Guangzhou, pelabuhan traktat yang terbuka bagi para pedagang dari Amerika Serikat.^[4]

Konsulat Amerika Serikat di Taihoku, Formosa

Dua diplomat Amerika pada tahun 1850-an mengusulkan kepada Washington bahwa AS harus mendapatkan Pulau Taiwan dari Tiongkok, namun gagasan tersebut ditolak.^[5]^[6] Penduduk asli di Taiwan sering menyerang dan membantai para pelaut barat yang terdampar, dan diplomat Amerika mencoba membantu mereka.^[7] Pada tahun 1867, semasa Insiden Rover, penduduk asli Taiwan menyerang para pelaut Amerika yang terdampar, membunuh seluruh awak kapalnya. Mereka kemudian berperang melawan dan mengalahkan ekspedisi pembalasan oleh militer Amerika dan membunuh orang Amerika lainnya selama pertempuran tersebut.^[8]

Di zaman Jepang, Amerika Serikat juga memiliki sebuah konsulat di Taihoku, Formosa (Taipei saat ini) sejak tahun 1913. Konsulat ini ditutup pada tahun 1941 karena deklarasi perang Amerika Serikat terhadap Jepang. Tempat tersebut sekarang dilindungi sebagai Bekas Konsulat Amerika di Taipei.

Republik Tiongkok di Taiwan

1945–1949

Pada Oktober 1945, perwakilan Chiang Kai-shek, atas nama Blok Sekutu, dikirim ke Taiwan untuk menerima penyerahan pasukan Jepang. Namun, selama periode 1940-an, tidak ada pengakuan dari Pemerintah Amerika Serikat bahwa Taiwan pernah dimasukkan ke dalam wilayah nasional Tiongkok.^[9] Chiang terus mencurigai motif Amerika.^[10]

Lihat juga

Referensi

^ https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553551/ogdenThomas.pdf;sequence=1
^ https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/213994.pdf
^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229051924_Comprehending_strategic_ambiguity_US_policy_toward_the_Taiwan_Strait_security_issue
^ "A GUIDE TO THE UNITED STATES' HISTORY OF RECOGNITION, DIPLOMATIC, AND CONSULAR RELATIONS, BY COUNTRY, SINCE 1776: CHINA". history.state.gov. U.S. Department of State. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2015. Mutual Recognition, 1844. Formal recognition by the United States of the Empire of China, and by the Empire of China of the United States, came on or about June 16, 1844, when U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Caleb Cushing presented his credentials and met with Chinese official Qiying to discuss treaty negotiations. Prior to this, the United States had dispatched consuls to Guangzhou as early as 1784—the first was Samuel Shaw, the supercargo on the Empress of China—but these had never been formally received by Chinese officials as state representatives. The two countries had acknowledged each other's existence before 1844, but the negotiations and treaty of that year marked the first recognition under international law.
^ Leonard H. D. Gordon (2009). Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers. Lexington Books. hlm. 32–. ISBN 978-0-7391-1869-6.
^ Leonard Gordon, "Early American Relations with Formosa, 1849–1870." Historian 19.3 (1957): 262-289 at pp 271-77.
^ Leonard Gordon, "Early American Relations with Formosa, 1849–1870." at pp 264-68.
^ The Nation. 1889. hlm. 256–57.
^ "Plebiscite Proposal". Diakses tanggal December 12, 2009.
^ Fenby, Jonathan (2005). Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf Publishers. hlm. 413. ISBN 0-7867-1484-0. Diakses tanggal June 28, 2010.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Benson, Brett V., and Emerson MS Niou. "Public opinion, foreign policy, and the security balance in the Taiwan Strait." Security Studies 14.2 (2005): 274-289.
Bush, Richard C. At cross purposes: US-Taiwan relations since 1942 (Routledge, 2015).
Carpenter, Ted Galen. America's coming war with China: a collision course over Taiwan (Macmillan, 2015).
Glaser, Charles L. "A US-China grand bargain? The hard choice between military competition and accommodation." International Security 39#4 (2015): 49-90.
Hickey, Dennis Van Vranken. "America's Two-point Policy and the Future of Taiwan." Asian Survey (1988): 881-896. in JSTOR
Hickey, Dennis V. "Parallel Progress: US-Taiwan Relations During an Era of Cross-Strait Rapprochement." Journal of Chinese Political Science 20#4 (2015): 369-384.
Hu, Shaohua. "A Framework for Analysis of National Interest: United States Policy toward Taiwan," Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 37, No. 1 (April 2016): 144-167.
Liao, Nien-chung Chang, and Dalton Kuen-da Lin. "Rebalancing Taiwan–US Relations." Survival 57#6 (2015): 145-158. online
Ling, Lily HM, Ching-Chane Hwang, and Boyu Chen. "Subaltern straits:‘exit’,‘voice’, and ‘loyalty’in the United States–China–Taiwan relations." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific (2009): lcp013.
Peraino, Kevin. A Force So Swift: Mao, Truman, and the Birth of Modern China, 1949 (2017), focus on .S. policy in 1949

Pranala luar

[1] ttps://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553551/ogdenThomas.pdf;sequence=1

[2] ttps://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/213994.pdf

[3] ttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/229051924_Comprehending_strategic_ambiguity_US_policy_toward_the_Taiwan_Strait_security_issue

[HistoryState-4] "A GUIDE TO THE UNITED STATES' HISTORY OF RECOGNITION, DIPLOMATIC, AND CONSULAR RELATIONS, BY COUNTRY, SINCE 1776: CHINA". history.state.gov. U.S. Department of State. Diakses tanggal May 2, 2015. Mutual Recognition, 1844. Formal recognition by the United States of the Empire of China, and by the Empire of China of the United States, came on or about June 16, 1844, when U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Caleb Cushing presented his credentials and met with Chinese official Qiying to discuss treaty negotiations. Prior to this, the United States had dispatched consuls to Guangzhou as early as 1784—the first was Samuel Shaw, the supercargo on the Empress of China—but these had never been formally received by Chinese officials as state representatives. The two countries had acknowledged each other's existence before 1844, but the negotiations and treaty of that year marked the first recognition under international law.

[Gordon2009-5] Leonard H. D. Gordon (2009). Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers. Lexington Books. hlm. 32–. ISBN 978-0-7391-1869-6.

[6] Leonard Gordon, "Early American Relations with Formosa, 1849–1870." Historian 19.3 (1957): 262-289 at pp 271-77.

[7] Leonard Gordon, "Early American Relations with Formosa, 1849–1870." at pp 264-68.

[8] The Nation. 1889. hlm. 256–57.

[9] "Plebiscite Proposal". Diakses tanggal December 12, 2009.

[10] Fenby, Jonathan (2005). Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf Publishers. hlm. 413. ISBN 0-7867-1484-0. Diakses tanggal June 28, 2010.

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