Frenologi

Frenologi (dari bahasa Yunani: φρήν, phrēn, "pikiran"; dan λόγος, logos, "pengetahuan") adalah ilmu semu yang berupaya mempelajari hubungan antara karakter seseorang dengan tengkorak manusia. Bidang ini didasarkan pada konsep bahwa otak adalah organ pikiran, dan beberapa wilayah otak terdiri dari fungsi-fungsi yang terlokalisasi. Frenologi dikembangkan oleh dokter Jerman Franz Joseph Gall pada tahun 1796, dan sangat populer pada abad ke-19, terutama dari tahun 1810 hingga 1840. Namun, kini frenologi sudah tidak akurat dan dianggap sebagai neuroanatomi primitif. Meskipun begitu, pemikiran frenologis telah memengaruhi psikiatri pada abad ke-19 dan neurosains modern. Asumsi Gall bahwa karakter, pemikiran, dan emosi terlokalisasi di beberapa bagian otak juga dianggap sebagai langkah menuju neuropsikologi.

Pemetaan otak berdasarkan frenologi pada tahun 1883.

Pranala luar

• Manual of Phrenology Diarsipkan 2023-07-25 di Wayback Machine. Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Manual of phrenology: being an analytical summary of the system of Doctor Gall, on the faculties of man and the functions of the brain: translated from the 4th French ed
• A System of Phrenology Diarsipkan 2023-02-05 di Wayback Machine. Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, George Combe's A system of phrenology
• New illustrated self-instructor in phrenology and physiology Diarsipkan 2023-07-25 di Wayback Machine. Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Fowler, O. S. (Orson Squire) (1809–1887); Fowler, L. N. (Lorenzo Niles) (1811–1896)
• The History of Phrenology on the Web Diarsipkan 2023-07-11 di Wayback Machine. by John van Wyhe, PhD.
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• The Phrenology Pages Diarsipkan 2021-01-25 di Wayback Machine., a Belgian site advocating phrenology.
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• Phrenology: History of a Classic Pseudoscience Diarsipkan 2011-01-05 di Wayback Machine. - by Steven Novella MD
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• The Skeptic's Dictionary Diarsipkan 2007-04-05 di Wayback Machine. by Robert Todd Carroll
• Who Named It? Franz Joseph Gall Diarsipkan 2007-01-01 di Wayback Machine. Biography of Franz Joseph Gall and his creation: Phrenology.
• Phrenology by George Burgess (1829-1905) Diarsipkan 2013-11-03 di Wayback Machine. George Burgess, Phrenologist in Bristol, England 1861-1901.
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• Psychophysiognomy Today! Diarsipkan 2023-06-01 di Wayback Machine. Polish portal, advocating psychophy siognomy. Articles on modern psychophy siognomy and the current use of psychophy siognomy in the personal consultation
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• Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Course material. Diarsipkan 2011-03-04 di Wayback Machine.