Fratelli d'Italia (partai politik)
Fratelli d'Italia (FdI) adalah sebuah partai politik konservatif nasional[9][10] dan populis sayap kanan[11][12][13][14] di Italia, yang merupakan partai politik terbesar di Italia setelah pemilihan umum Italia 2022.[15][16] Partai ini dipimpin oleh Giorgia Meloni,[17][18] Perdana Menteri Italia yang saat ini sedang menjabat.[19][20] Menurut pengamat, FdI menandai pemerintahan republik pertama di Italia yang dipimpin oleh partai sayap kanan dan pemerintahan paling sayap kanan sejak Perang Dunia II.[21][22][23]
Fratelli d'Italia | |
---|---|
Singkatan | FdI |
Presiden | Giorgia Meloni |
Koordinator | Giovanni Donzelli |
Pendiri |
|
Dibentuk | 21 Desember 2012 |
Dipisah dari | Il Popolo della Libertà |
Kantor pusat | Via della Scrofa 39, Roma |
Surat kabar | La Voce del Patriota |
Sayap pelajar | Aksi Mahasiswa Aksi Universitas |
Sayap pemuda | Pemuda Nasional |
Keanggotaan (2021) | 130.000[1] |
Ideologi | |
Posisi politik | Sayap kanan hingga kanan jauh[A] |
Afiliasi nasional | Koalisi kanan tengah |
Afiliasi Eropa | Partai Konservatif dan Reformis Eropa |
Kelompok Parlemen Eropa | EPP (2014) ECR (sejak 2019) |
Warna | Biru |
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat | 118 / 400 |
Senat[a] | 66 / 200 |
Parlemen Eropa | 9 / 76 |
Dewan Regional | 128 / 896 |
Konferensi Region | 2 / 21 |
Situs web | |
fratelli-italia | |
^ A: FdI dianggap sebagai bagian dari kanan radikal,[2][3] bagian dari politik kanan jauh yang tidak menentang demokrasi.[4][Verifikasi gagal][5][6] Partai ini juga digambarkan sebagai neofasis oleh beberapa akademisi,[7] atau memiliki elemen dalam partai yang terkait dengan gerakan neofasis.[8] |
Pada bulan Desember 2012, FdI muncul setelah perpecahan faksi sayap kanan yang ada di dalam partai Il Popolo della Libertà (PdL).[24] Sebagian besar anggota FdI (termasuk Meloni, yang memimpin partai tersebut sejak 2014), dan simbolnya, api tiga warna,[25] berasal dari Aliansi Nasional (AN), yang didirikan pada tahun 1995 dan bergabung ke PdL pada tahun 2009.[26] AN adalah penerus Gerakan Sosial Italia (MSI), sebuah partai neofasis yang aktif dari tahun 1945 hingga 1995.[27][28][29][30][31] Namun, partai ini juga merupakan rumah bagi beberapa mantan anggota partai Demokrat Kristen[32][33] dan setengah dari menteri-menterinya bukanlah mantan anggota MSI.[34]
Menurut Meloni dan petinggi-petinggi partai lainnya, FdI adalah partai konservatif arus utama.[35][36] Akademisi dan pengamat menggambarkan FdI dengan berbagai macam di antaranya sebagai partai konservatif,[37][38] konservatif nasional, populis sayap kanan, konservatif sosial,[39] nasionalis,[40][41] neofasis,[7][38] pascafasis,[42] nativis[3][43] dan anti imigran.[11][13] Partai ini menganut posisi Euroskeptis,[37][44] dan mendukung Atlantisisme.[37][45] Meskipun anggota parlemennya awalnya berafiliasi dengan Kelompok Partai Rakyat Eropa, partai tersebut telah menjadi anggota Partai Konservatif dan Reformis Eropa, yang dipimpin oleh Meloni sejak tahun 2020.[46][47] FdI mengusulkan negara-negara Eropa yang bersifat konfederasi dan bukan Eropa yang federasi.[48][49][50]
Hasil pemilu
suntingParlemen Italia
suntingPemilihan | Pemimpin | DPR | Senat | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suara | % | Kursi | +/– | Posisi | Suara | % | Kursi | +/– | Posisi | ||
2013 | Giorgia Meloni | 666.035 | 1,9 | 9 / 630 |
Baru | 8 | 590.083 | 1,9 | 0 / 315 |
Baru | 7 |
2018 | 1.429.550 | 4,4 | 32 / 630 |
23 | 5 | 1.286.606 | 4,3 | 18 / 315 |
18 | 5 | |
2022 | 7.302.517 | 26,0 | 119 / 400 |
87 | 1 | 7.167.136 | 26,0 | 66 / 200 |
48 | 1 |
Parlemen Eropa
suntingPemilihan | Pemimpin | Suara | % | Kursi | +/– | Posisi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | Giorgia Meloni | 1.004.037 | 3,7 | 0 / 73 |
Baru | ke-7 |
2019 | 1.726.189 | 6,4 | 6 / 76 |
6 | ke-5 |
Struktur kepemimpinan
sunting- Presiden: Giorgia Meloni
- Koordinator: Giovanni Donzelli
- Kepala Sekretariat Politik: Arianna Meloni
- Sekretaris Administratif (Bendahara): Roberto Carlo Mele
- Koordinator Komite Politik Lokakarya untuk Italia: Giuseppe Cossiga
- Presiden Majelis Nasional: Ignazio La Russa
- Koordinator Dewan Nasional: Edmondo Cirelli
- Ketua Fraksi di DPR Italia: Tommaso Foti
- Ketua Fraksi di Senat Italia: Lucio Malan
- Ketua Fraksi di Parlemen Eropa: Carlo Fidanza
Catatan
sunting- ^ Tiga senator duduk di dalam fraksi Kewarganegaraan Italia–Kami Moderat.
Referensi
sunting- ^ "Sondaggi a picco? Adesso per la Lega anche i tesserati sono al palo. Invece Fratelli d'Italia cresce e rischia di mangiarsi Salvini a breve". La Notizia (dalam bahasa Italia). 6 April 2021. Diakses tanggal 15 August 2022.
- ^ Pirro, Andrea L. P.; Taggart, Paul (2021). "European populism before the pandemic: ideology, Euroscepticism, electoral performance, and government participation of 63 parties in 30 countries". Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica. 51 (3): 281–304. doi:10.1017/ipo.2021.13 . ISSN 0048-8402.
- ^ a b Donà, Alessia (31 August 2022). "The rise of the Radical Right in Italy: the case of Fratelli d'Italia". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 27 (5): 775–794. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2022.2113216. hdl:11572/352744 .
- ^ Ivaldi, Gilles (2016). "A new course for the French radical right? The Front National and 'de-demonisation'". Dalam Akkerman, Tjitske; de Lange, Sarah L.; Rooduijn, Matthijs. Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?. Routledge. hlm. 225. ISBN 978-1-317-41978-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 September 2021. Diakses tanggal 6 July 2021 – via Google Books.
- ^ Forchtner, Bernhard (September 2019). "Climate change and the far right". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 10 (5): e604. doi:10.1002/wcc.604.
- ^ Forchtne, Bernhard (2020). The Far Right and the Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-10402-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 September 2021. Diakses tanggal 6 July 2021 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Mammone 2015; Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016, hlm. 36; Campani & Lazaridis 2016, hlm. 45; Kuhar & Paternotte 2017; Jones & Pilat 2020; Bosworth 2021.
- ^ Lowen, Mark (26 August 2022). "Giorgia Meloni: Far-right leader who's favourite to run Italy". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 21 September 2022.
'Her party is not fascist,' he explains. 'Fascism means to get power and destroy the system. She won't do that and she couldn't. But there are wings in the party linked to the neo-fascist movement.'
- ^ Papakostas & Pasamitros 2016, hlm. 32.
- ^ Taube, Friedel (30 August 2018). "Women increasingly drawn to right-wing populist parties, study shows". Deutsche Welle. Diakses tanggal 22 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Berlusconi im Wahlkampf" [Berlusconi in the election campaign]. ZDF (dalam bahasa Jerman). 1 February 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 April 2019. Diakses tanggal 15 August 2022.
- ^ Rooduijn, Matthijs; van Kessel, Stijn; Froio, Caterina; Pirro, Andrea; de Lange, Sarah; Halikiopoulou, Daphne; Lewis, Paul; Mudde, Cas; Taggart, Paul (8 April 2019). "The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe". The PopuList. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 October 2022. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2022.
- ^ a b Zulianello, Mattia (April 2020). "Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries". Government and Opposition. 55 (2): 327–347. doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21 .
- ^ Baldini, Gianfranco; Tronconi, Filippo; Angelucci, Davide (2023-01-10). "Yet Another Populist Party? Understanding the Rise of Brothers of Italy". South European Society and Politics. 27 (3): 385–405. doi:10.1080/13608746.2022.2159625. ISSN 1360-8746.
- ^ Winfield, Nicole (26 September 2022). "How a party of neo-fascist roots won big in Italy". AP News. Associated Press. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2022.
- ^ D'Emilio, Frances; Winfield, Nicole; Zampano, Giada (27 September 2022). "First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government". AP News. Associated Press. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2022.
- ^ Kington, Tom (25 July 2022). "Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy". The Times. Rome. Diakses tanggal 1 September 2022.
- ^ Kirby, Jen (24 September 2022). "The far right is having a moment in Europe. Actually, everywhere". Vox. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2022.
- ^ "Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 21 October 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 October 2022. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2022.
- ^ Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano (21 October 2022). "Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 October 2022. Diakses tanggal 22 October 2022.
- ^ Leali, Giorgio; Roberts, Hannah (25 September 2022). "Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini". Politico. Diakses tanggal 27 September 2022.
- ^ Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini". CNN. Diakses tanggal 26 September 2022.
- ^ "Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate". Deutsche Welle. 26 September 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 September 2022.
- ^ Roberts, Hannah (3 August 2022). "Italy confronts its fascist past as the right prepares for power". Politico Europe. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2022.
- ^ Roberts, Hannah (10 August 2022). "I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader". Politico Europe. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2022.
- ^ "Fratelli d'Italia riaccende la 'fiamma'. Nel nuovo logo i simboli di Msi e An" [Brothers of Italy rekindles the 'flame'. In the new logo, the symbols of Msi and An] (dalam bahasa Italia). TGcom24. 16 February 2014. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2022.
- ^ "Fratelli d'Italia: dova va la destra italiana" [Brothers of Italy: where the Italian right goes] (dalam bahasa Italia). I Mille. 24 March 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 September 2014. Diakses tanggal 10 August 2014.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1 January 2022). "Antifascist after Fascism". First Things (January 2022). Diakses tanggal 28 September 2022.
The Movimento Sociale Italiano, a significant minority party, once seemed the best candidate for neofascism, but moderated and mutated continuously to win votes. By the 1990s it had morphed into the Alleanza Nazionale, a relatively standard and anodyne center-right parliamentary group.
- ^ Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016, hlm. 36; Kuhar & Paternotte 2017; Russell 2019.
- ^ Carlo, Andrea (20 June 2022). "Could Giorgia Meloni become Italy's next prime minister?". Euronews. Diakses tanggal 21 July 2022.
- ^ Ciucci, Chiara (13 August 2022). "Dall'Msi a Fratelli d'Italia, passando per An e la svolta di Fiuggi: storia della fiamma tricolore nata con Almirante e arrivata fino a Meloni" [From MSI to Brothers of Italy, passing through An and the turning point of Fiuggi: the story of the tricolor flame born with Almirante and reaching Meloni]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (dalam bahasa Italia). Diakses tanggal 14 August 2022.
- ^ Fraschilla, Antonio (26 August 2022). "La caccia al centro di Giorgia Meloni per nascondere la "matrice": la rete degli ex Dc in Fratelli d'Italia". L'Espresso (dalam bahasa Italia). Diakses tanggal 1 February 2023.
- ^ Rotondi, Gianfranco (10 August 2022). "Democristiani per Meloni. Rotondi spiega perché vota per Fratelli d'Italia". HuffPost (dalam bahasa Italia). Diakses tanggal 1 February 2023.
- ^ FdI diwakili dalam pemerintahan Meloni oleh Perdana Menteri Meloni dan sembilan menteri, lima di antaranya tidak pernah menjadi anggota MSI: Carlo Nordio (mantan jaksa dan mantan Liberal), Guido Crosetto (mantan Demokrat Kristen), Daniela Santanchè (yang terjun ke dunia politik bersama AN), Raffaele Fitto (mantan Demokrat Kristen) dan Eugenia Roccella (mantan Radikal, baru-baru ini berafiliasi dengan gerakan Katolik). Lihat [1].
- ^ "Italy's frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise". Reuters. 20 September 2022. Diakses tanggal 24 December 2022.
- ^ Amante, Angelo; Balmer, Crispian (25 September 2022). "Italy's right wing, led by Meloni, wins election, exit polls say". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 24 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "European Election Watch: Italy". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 4 March 2018. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021.
- ^ a b Ceccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. (2019). "Introduction: The Paradoxical Election". Dalam Newell, James L.; Ceccarini, Luigi. The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer International Publishing. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-3-03-013617-8.
- ^ Pirro, Andrea L.P. (2022). "Performing (during) the Coronavirus Crisis: The Italian Populist Radical Right between National Opposition and Subnational Government". Government and Opposition. Cambridge University Press: 1–17. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.28 .
- ^ Johnson, Miles (5 June 2020). "Giorgia Meloni emerges as challenger to Salvini on Italian right". Financial Times. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021.
- ^ Lavanga, Claudio; Smith, Alexander (11 August 2019). "Italy's Salvini calls for elections, raises possibility of far-right rule". NBC News. Diakses tanggal 15 March 2020.
- ^ "Brothers of Italy, the far-right party on the cusp of power". France 24. Agence France-Press. 24 July 2022. Diakses tanggal 25 July 2022.
... the post-fascist Brothers of Italy, looks set to do well in Italian elections on September 25.
- ^ Kirby, Paul (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni: Italy's far-right wins election and vows to govern for all". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 21 October 2022.
- ^ Bailo, Francesco (2020). Online Communities and Crowds in the Rise of the Five Star Movement (edisi ke-e-book). Cham, Switzerland. hlm. 102. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45508-8. ISBN 978-3-030-45508-8. OCLC 1194944908. Diakses tanggal 15 August 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ Vitale, Giovanna (25 March 2022). "FdI, Giorgia l'atlantista: le metamorfosi di Meloni". La Repubblica (dalam bahasa Italia). Diakses tanggal 6 October 2022.
- ^ Steven, Martin; Szczerbiak, Aleks (6 May 2022). "Conservatism and 'Eurorealism' in the European Parliament: the European Conservatives and Reformists under the leadership of Poland's Law and Justice". European Politics and Society: 1–18. doi:10.1080/23745118.2022.2065725 . ISSN 2374-5118.
- ^ "Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera: 'Nessuna svolta autoritaria, la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni'" [Meloni's signal to the foreign press: 'No authoritarian turning point, the Italian right has consigned fascism to history for decades']. Il Fatto Quotidiano (dalam bahasa Italia). 10 August 2022. Diakses tanggal 14 August 2022.
- ^ "UE, Meloni: Conservatori europei ribadiscono impegno per costruire Europa delle nazioni fondata su un modello confederale" [EU, Meloni: European conservatives reaffirm their commitment to build a Europe of nations based on a confederal model]. Giorgia Meloni (dalam bahasa Italia). 6 July 2022. Diakses tanggal 19 July 2022.
- ^ "Ue, Meloni: 'Vorrei un'Europa confederale'" [EU, Meloni: 'I would like a confederal Europe'] (dalam bahasa Italia). Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 6 July 2022. Diakses tanggal 15 August 2022.
- ^ Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna (2022). "Giorgia Meloni's New Europe: Europe of Sovereign Nations in the Brothers of Italy Party Manifestos". Dalam Berti, Francesco; Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna. The Right-Wing Critique of Europe. London: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9781003226123-8. ISBN 978-1-0005-2042-2.
Daftar pustaka
sunting- Benveniste, Annie; Campani, Giovanna; Lazaridis, Gabriella (2016). The Rise of the Far Right in Europe: Populist Shifts and 'Othering'. Springer. ISBN 978-1-1375-5679-0. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021 – via Google Books.
- Bosworth, R. J. B. (2021). Mussolini and the Eclipse of Italian Fascism: From Dictatorship to Populism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3002-5582-9. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021 – via Google Books.
- Campani, Giovanna; Lazaridis, Gabriella (2016). Understanding the Populist Shift: Othering in a Europe in Crisis. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-3173-2606-9. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021 – via Google Books.
- Jones, Kay Bea; Pilat, Stephanie (2020). The Routledge Companion to Italian Fascist Architecture: Reception and Legacy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-0000-6144-4. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021 – via Google Books.
- Kuhar, Roman; Paternotte, David (2017). Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-7866-0001-1. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021 – via Google Books.
- Mammone, Andrea (2015). Transnational Neofascism in France and Italy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-1070-3091-6. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021 – via Google Books.
- Papakostas, Nikolaos; Pasamitros, Nikolaos (2016). EU: Beyond the Crisis: A Debate on Sustainable Integrationism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6848-4. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021 – via Google Books.
- Russell, Eric Louis (2019). The Discursive Ecology of Homophobia: Unravelling Anti-LGBTQ Speech on the European Far Right. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-7889-2347-7. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021 – via Google Books.
Pranala luar
sunting- Situs web resmi (Italia)