Erosentrisme

Erosentrisme (disebut juga Barat-sentrisme atau Western-centrism)^[1] adalah pandangan dunia yang condong terhadap peradaban Barat. Cakupan istilah ini bervariasi mulai dari seluruh dunia Barat, Eropa saja, atau bahkan Eropa Barat era Perang Dingin. Bila dikaitkan dengan sejarah, istilah ini menandakan sikap apologetik terhadap kolonialisme Eropa dan bentuk-bentuk imperialisme lain.^[2]

Istilah Erosentrisme sendiri sudah ada sejak akhir 1970-an dan mulai populer pada 1990-an, khususnya bila berkaitan dengan dekolonisasi dan bantuan pembangunan serta bantuan kemanusiaan dari negara-negara industri (Dunia Pertama) ke negara-negara berkembang (Dunia Ketiga).

Terminologi

Istilah ideologi Erosentrisme diciptakan oleh Samir Amin tahun 1970-an

Kata sifat Erosentris atau Eropasentris sudah digunakan dalam berbagai konteks sejak 1920-an.^[3] Kata ini (bahasa Prancis: européocentrique) mulai populer dalam kajian dekolonisasi dan internasionalisme pada pertengahan abad ke-20.^[4] Istilah ideologi Erosentris dalam politik identitas muncul pada pertengahan 1980-an.^[5]

Kata benda abstrak Erosentrisme (bahasa Prancis: eurocentrisme/europocentrisme) yang menandakan ideologi diciptakan pada tahun 1970-an oleh ekonom Marxis asal Mesir, Samir Amin, direktur African Institute for Economic Development and Planning di Komisi Ekonomi Afrika Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.^[6] Amin menggunakan istilah ini dalam konteks model pembangunan kapitalis global, negara inti-pinggiran, atau ketergantungan (dependen). English usage of Eurocentrism is recorded by 1979.^[7]

Istilah Western-centrism baru muncul pada akhir 1990-an dan hanya ada dalam bahasa Inggris.^[8]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Hobson, John (2012). The Eurocentric conception of world politics : western international theory, 1760-2010. New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 185. ISBN 1107020204.
^ Eurocentrism and its discontents, American Historical Association
^ The German adjective europa-zentrisch ("Europe-centric") is attested in the 1920s, unrelated to the Marxist context of Amin's usage. Karl Haushofer, Geopolitik des pazifischen Ozeans (pp. 11–23, 110-113, passim). The context is Haushofer's comparison of the "Pacific space" in terms of global politics vs. "Europe-centric" politics.
^ A Rey (ed.) Dictionnaire Historique de la langue française (2010): À partir du radical de européen ont été composés (mil. XXe s.) européocentrique adj. (de centrique) « qui fait référence à l'Europe » et européocentrisme n.m. (variante europocentrisme n.m. 1974) « fait de considérer (un problème général, mondial) d'un point de vue européen » ."
^ Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression (1985), 63ff: "Fanon and Eurocentric Psychology", where "Eurocentric psychology" refers to "a psychology derived from a white, middle-class male minority, which is generalized to humanity everywhere".
^ "Anciens directeurs" (uneca.org) Diarsipkan 2018-08-06 di Wayback Machine. ("Samir AMIN (Egypte) 1970-1980").
^ Alexandre A. Bennigsen, S. Enders Wimbush , Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World (1979), p. 19.
^ "pluralistic cultural coexistence as opposed to Western centrism and Asian centrism" (unhyphenated) in: Mabel Lee, Meng Hua, Cultural dialogue & misreading (1997), p. 53. "our incomplete perception of Chinese behavior, which tends to be 'Western-centric.'" (using scare-quotes) in: Houman A. Sadri, Revolutionary States, Leaders, and Foreign Relations: A Comparative Study of China, Cuba, and Iran (1997), p. 35. "Euro- or western-centrism" in the context of the "traditional discourse on minority languages" in: Jonathan Owens (ed.), Arabic as a Minority Language (2000), p. 1. Use of Latinate occido-centrism remains rare (e.g. Alexander Lukin, Political Culture of the Russian 'Democrats' (2000), p. 47).

Daftar pustaka

Bairoch, Paul (1993). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-03462-3.
Baudet, E. H. P. (1959). Paradise on Earth: Some Thoughts on European Images of Non-European Man. Translated by Elizabeth Wentholt. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ASIN B0007DKQMW. (1965).
Lefkowitz, Mary (1996). Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-09837-1.
Malhotra, Rajiv (2013). Being Different: An indian challenge to western universalism. Noida: Harpercollins India.
Preiswerk, Roy; Dominique Perrot (1978). Ethnocentrism and History: Africa, Asia, and Indian America in Western Textbooks. New York and London: NOK. ISBN 0-88357-071-8.
Rüsen, Jörn (2004). "How to Overcome Ethnocentrism: Approaches to a Culture of Recognition by History in the Twenty-First Century". History and Theory: Studies in the Philosophy of History (43:2004): 118–129.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1965). The Rise of Christian Europe. London: Thames and Hudson. ASIN B000O894GO.
Samir Amin, Accumulation on a World Scale, Monthly Review Press, 1974.
Samir Amin: L’eurocentrisme, critique d’une idéologie. Paris 1988, engl. Eurocentrism, Monthly Review Press 1989, ISBN 0-85345-786-7
J.M. Blaut: The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. Guilford Press 1993. ISBN 0-89862-348-0
J.M. Blaut: Eight Eurocentric Historians. Guilford Press 2000. ISBN 1-57230-591-6
Karl Haushofer, Geopolitik des pazifischen Ozeans, Berlin, Kurt Vowinckel Verlag, 1924.
Vassilis Lambropoulos, The rise of Eurocentrism: Anatomy of interpretation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1993
Ella Shohat; Robert Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism: multiculturalism and the media, Routledge 1994, ISBN 0-415-06325-6
Jose Rabasa, Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentrism (Oklahoma Project for Discourse and Theory, Vol 2), University of Oklahoma Press 1994
Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism: multiculturalism and the media, Routledge 1994
Ilia Xypolia, Eurocentrism and Orientalism, The Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies, 2016.

Templat:Eksepsionalisme Templat:Sudut pandang sejarah & geografi dalam geokultur

[hobson-1] Hobson, John (2012). The Eurocentric conception of world politics : western international theory, 1760-2010. New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 185. ISBN 1107020204.

[2] Eurocentrism and its discontents, American Historical Association

[3] The German adjective europa-zentrisch ("Europe-centric") is attested in the 1920s, unrelated to the Marxist context of Amin's usage. Karl Haushofer, Geopolitik des pazifischen Ozeans (pp. 11–23, 110-113, passim). The context is Haushofer's comparison of the "Pacific space" in terms of global politics vs. "Europe-centric" politics.

[4] A Rey (ed.) Dictionnaire Historique de la langue française (2010): À partir du radical de européen ont été composés (mil. XXe s.) européocentrique adj. (de centrique) « qui fait référence à l'Europe » et européocentrisme n.m. (variante europocentrisme n.m. 1974) « fait de considérer (un problème général, mondial) d'un point de vue européen » ."

[5] Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression (1985), 63ff: "Fanon and Eurocentric Psychology", where "Eurocentric psychology" refers to "a psychology derived from a white, middle-class male minority, which is generalized to humanity everywhere".

[6] "Anciens directeurs" (uneca.org) Diarsipkan 2018-08-06 di Wayback Machine. ("Samir AMIN (Egypte) 1970-1980").

[7] Alexandre A. Bennigsen, S. Enders Wimbush , Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World (1979), p. 19.

[8] "pluralistic cultural coexistence as opposed to Western centrism and Asian centrism" (unhyphenated) in: Mabel Lee, Meng Hua, Cultural dialogue & misreading (1997), p. 53. "our incomplete perception of Chinese behavior, which tends to be 'Western-centric.'" (using scare-quotes) in: Houman A. Sadri, Revolutionary States, Leaders, and Foreign Relations: A Comparative Study of China, Cuba, and Iran (1997), p. 35. "Euro- or western-centrism" in the context of the "traditional discourse on minority languages" in: Jonathan Owens (ed.), Arabic as a Minority Language (2000), p. 1. Use of Latinate occido-centrism remains rare (e.g. Alexander Lukin, Political Culture of the Russian 'Democrats' (2000), p. 47).

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