Wikipedia

Daftar bintang paling masif

artikel daftar Wikimedia
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang massa. Untuk radius, lihat daftar bintang terbesar.

Berikut ini adalah daftar bintang paling masif yang pernah ditemukan, dalam satuan Massa Matahari (M☉).

Ketidakpastian

sunting

Kebanyakan massa yang didaftarkan dibawah masih diperdebatkan, dan, karena masih menjadi subjek penelitian masa kini, masih dalam peninjauan dan sering direvisi massa maupun karakteristiknya yang lain.

Daftar

sunting
Bintang dengan 60 M☉ atau lebih
Nama Lokasi Massa
(M☉, Matahari = 1) 		Jarak kurang lebih
(ly) 		Appt. vis. mag. suhu efektif
(K) 		Metode

pengukuran massa

Pranala Ref.
BAT99-98 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 226[a] 165,000 13.37 45,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][2]
R136a1 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 196+34
−27 		163,000 12.23 46,000 evolusi SIMBAD [3][4]
Melnick 42 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 189 163,000 12.78 47,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
VFTS 1022 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 178 164,000 13.47 42,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
Westerhout 51-57 Westerhout 51 160 20,000 16.66

J band

42,700 evolusi [6]
R136a3 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 155 163,000 12.97 50,000 evolusi SIMBAD [3][4]
VFTS 682 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 153 164,000 16.08 52,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [7][2]
HD 15558 A IC 1805 di Heart Nebula ≥152±51 24,400 7.87

gabungan

39,500 biner SIMBAD [8][9]
R136a2 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 151 163,000 12.34 50,000 evolusi SIMBAD [3][4]
Westerhout 51-3 Westerhout 51 148+105
−82 		20,000 17.79

J band

39,800 evolusi SIMBAD [6]
Melnick 34 A Nebula Tarantula di LMC 147±22 163,000 13.09

gabungan

53,000 biner SIMBAD [10][2]
VFTS 482 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 145 164,000 12.95 42,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
R136c Nebula Tarantula di LMC 142 163,000 13.43 51,000 evolusi SIMBAD [11][2]
VFTS 1021 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 141 164,000 13.35 39,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
LH 10-3209 A NGC 1763 di LMC 140 160,000 11.859

gabungan

42,500 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][13][b]
Melnick 34 B Nebula Tarantula di LMC 136±20 163,000 13.09

gabungan

53,000 biner SIMBAD [10][2]
Westerhout 51d Westerhout 51 135 20,000 15.11

J band

42,700 evolusi [6]
VFTS 545 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 133 164,000 13.32 47,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
HD 97950 B WR 43b in HD 97950 di NGC 3603 132 24,800 11.33 42,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [14][15]
HD 269810 NGC 2029 di LMC 130 163,000 12.22 52,500 spektroskopi SIMBAD [16][17]
R136a7 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 127 163,000 13.97 54,000 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
WR 42e HD 97950 di NGC 3603 123 25,000 14.53 43,000 Ejection SIMBAD [19][c]
VFTS 506 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 122 164,000 13.31 47,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [7][2]
HD 97950 A1a WR 43a A in HD 97950 di NGC 3603 120 24,800 11.18

gabungan

42,000 biner SIMBAD [14][15]
LSS 4067 HM 1 120 11,000 11.44 40,000 evolusi SIMBAD [20][21]
WR 93 Pismis 24 di NGC 6357 120 5,900 10.68 71,000 evolusi SIMBAD [20][9]
Sk -69° 212 NGC 2044 di LMC 119 160,000 12.416 45,400 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
Sk -69° 249 A NGC 2074 di LMC 119 160,000 12.02

gabungan

38,900 evolusi SIMBAD [22][23]
ST5-31 NGC 2074 di LMC 119 160,000 12.273 50,700 evolusi SIMBAD [22][24]
R136a5 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 116 157,000 13.71 48,000 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
MSP 183 Westerlund 2 115 20,000 13.878 46,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [25][26]
WR 24 Collinder 228 di Nebula Carina 114 14,000 6.48 50,100 evolusi SIMBAD [27][28]
HD 97950 C1 WR 43c A in HD 97950 di NGC 3603 113 24,800 11.89

gabungan

44,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [14][15][b]
Arches-F9 WR 102ae in Arches Cluster 111.3 25,000 16.1

J band

36,600 spektroskopi SIMBAD [29][30]
Cygnus OB2 #12 A Cygnus OB2 110 5,200 11.702

gabungan

13,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [31][32][b]
HD 93129 Aa Trumpler 14 di Nebula Carina 110 7,500 6.9

gabungan

42,500 trinary SIMBAD [33][9]
HSH95-36 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 110 163,000 14.41 49,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
R146 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 109 164,000 13.11 63,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][2]
R136a4 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 108 157,000 13.41 50,000 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
VFTS 621 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 107 164,000 15.39 54,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
R136a6 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 105 157,000 13.35 52,000 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
Westerhout 49-3 Westerhout 49 105 36,200 16.689

J band

40,700 evolusi SIMBAD [34][35]
WR 21a A Bintang kabur dari Westerlund 2 103.6 26,100 12.661 gabungan 45,000 biner SIMBAD [36][17]
R99 N44 di LMC 103 164,000 11.52 28,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][9]
Arches-F6 WR 102ah in Arches Cluster 101 25,000 15.75

J band

33,900 spektroskopi SIMBAD [29][30]
Sk -65° 47 NGC 1923 di LMC 101 160,000 12.466 47,800 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
Arches-F1 WR 102ad in Arches Cluster 100.9 25,000 16.3

J band

33,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [29][30]
Peony Star WR 102ka in Peony Nebula near Galactic Center 100 26,000 12.978

J band

25,100 spektroskopi SIMBAD [37][35]
VFTS 457 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 100 164,000 13.74 39,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
η Carinae A Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina 100 7,500 4.3

gabungan

9,400–35,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [38][39]
Mercer 30-1 A WR 46-3 A di Mercer 30 di Nebula Dragonfish 99 40,000 10.33

J band

32,200 evolusi SIMBAD [40][d][b]
Sk -68° 137 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 99 160,000 13.346 50,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][13]
WR 25 A Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina 98 6,500 8.8

gabungan

50,100 evolusi SIMBAD [27][9][b]
BI 253 runaway star from Tarantula Nebula di LMC 97.6 164,000 13.76 54,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [11][41]
R136a8 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 96 157,000 14.42 49,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][42]
HD 38282 B Nebula Tarantula di LMC 95 163,000 11.11

gabungan

47,000 biner SIMBAD [43][17]
HM 1-6 HM 1 95 11,000 11.64 44,700 evolusi SIMBAD [20][44]
NGC 3603-42 HD 97950 di NGC 3603 95 25,000 12.86 50,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][15]
R139 A Nebula Tarantula di LMC 95 163,000 11.94

gabungan

35,000 biner SIMBAD [1][2]
BAT99-6 NGC 1747 di LMC 94 165,000 11.95 56,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][13]
Sk -66° 172 N64 di LMC 94 160,000 13.1 46,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][13][e]
ST2-22 NGC 2044 di LMC 94 160,000 14.3 51,300 evolusi SIMBAD [22][45]
VFTS 259 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 94 164,000 13.65 37,600 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
VFTS 562 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 94 164,000 13.66 42,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
VFTS 512 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 93 164,000 14.28 47,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
HD 97950 A1b WR 43a B in HD 97950 di NGC 3603 92 24,800 11.18

gabungan

40,000 biner SIMBAD [14][15]
R136b Nebula Tarantula di LMC 92 163,000 13.24 35,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
VFTS 16 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 91.6 164,000 13.55 50,600 spektroskopi SIMBAD [11][2]
HD 97950 A3 HD 97950 di NGC 3603 91 24,800 12.95 50,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][15]
NGC 346-W1 NGC 346 di SMC 91 200,000 12.57 43,400 evolusi SIMBAD [22][46]
Westerhout 49-2 Westerhout 49 90–240, 250±120 36,200 18.246

J band

35,500 spektroskopi SIMBAD [34][35]
R127 NGC 2055 di LMC 90 160,000 10.15 10,000–27,000 evolusi SIMBAD [47][17]
VFTS 333 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 90 164,000 12.49 37,600 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
VFTS 267 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 89 164,000 13.49 44,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
VFTS 64 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 88 164,000 14.621 39,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][13]
BAT99-80 A NGC 2044 di LMC 87 165,000 13

gabungan

45,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [22][45]
R140b Nebula Tarantula di LMC 87 165,000 12.66 47,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][2]
VFTS 542 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 87 164,000 13.47 44,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
VFTS 599 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 87 164,000 13.8 44,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
WR 89 HM 1 87 11,000 11.02 39,800 evolusi SIMBAD [27][17]
Arches-F7 WR 102aj in Arches Cluster 86.3 25,000 15.74

J band

32,900 spektroskopi SIMBAD [29][30]
Sk -69° 104 NGC 1910 di LMC 86 160,000 12.1 39,900 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
VFTS 1017 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 86 164,000 14.5 50,100 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
LH 10-3061 NGC 1763 di LMC 85 160,000 13.491 52,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][13]
Sk 80 NGC 346 di SMC 85 200,000 12.31 38,900 evolusi SIMBAD [22][48]
VFTS 603 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 85 164,000 13.99 42,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
Sk -70° 91 BSDL 1830 di LMC 84.09 165,000 12.78 48,900 evolusi SIMBAD [49][13][f]
R147 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 84 164,000 12.993 47,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][50]
HD 93250 A Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina 83.3 7,500 7.5

gabungan

46,000 evolusi SIMBAD [51][9][b]
Melnick 33Na A Nebula Tarantula di LMC 83 163,000 13.79

gabungan

50,000 evolusi SIMBAD [52][53]
WR 20a A Westerlund 2 82.7 20,000 13.28

gabungan

43,000 biner SIMBAD [54]
TIC 276934932 A NGC 2048 di LMC 82 160,000 14.05

gabungan

45,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][13]
WR 20a B Westerlund 2 81.9 20,000 13.28

gabungan

43,000 biner SIMBAD [54]
Trumpler 27-27 Trumpler 27 81 3,900 13.31 37,000 evolusi SIMBAD [20][17]
BAT99-96 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 80 165,000 13.76 42,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][2]
HD 15570 IC 1805 di Heart Nebula 80 7,500 8.11 46,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [8][9]
HD 38282 A Nebula Tarantula di LMC 80 163,000 11.11

gabungan

47,000 biner SIMBAD [43][17]
HSH95-46 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 80 163,000 14.56 47,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
Arches-F15 Arches Cluster 79.7 25,000 16.12

J band

35,600 spektroskopi SIMBAD [29][30]
BI 237 BSDL 2527 di LMC 79.66 165,000 13.83 51,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [49][13][g]
VFTS 94 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 79 164,000 14.161 42,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][13]
VFTS 151 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 79 164,000 14.13 42,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
LH 41-32 NGC 1910 di LMC 78 160,000 13.086 48,200 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
Pismis 24-17 Pismis 24 di NGC 6357 78 5,900 11.84 42,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [55][44]
VFTS 404 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 78 164,000 14.14 44,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
Westerhout 51-2 Westerhout 51 77+26
−22 		20,000 13.68

J band

42,700 evolusi SIMBAD [6]
BAT99-68 BSDL 2505 di LMC 76 165,000 14.13 45,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][13][h]
HD 93632 Collinder 228 di Nebula Carina 76 10,000 8.23 45,400 evolusi SIMBAD [20][9]
NGC 346-W3 NGC 346 di SMC 76 200,000 12.8 52,500 evolusi SIMBAD [22][46]
VFTS 169 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 76 164,000 14.437 47,300 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][13]
VFTS 440 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 76 164,000 12.046 39,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][13]
AB1 DEM S10 di SMC 75 197,000 15.238 79,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [56][46][i]
WR 22 A Bochum 10 di Nebula Carina 75 8,300 6.42

gabungan

44,700 evolusi SIMBAD [27][9][j]
Pismis 24-1NE Pismis 24 di NGC 6357 74 6,500 11 42,500 biner SIMBAD [55][57]
VFTS 608 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 74 164,000 14.22 42,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
HSH95-31 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 73 163,000 14.12 47,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
Mercer 30-3 Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula 73 40,000 12.62

J band

39,300 evolusi SIMBAD [40][d]
Mercer 30-11 Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula 73 40,000 12.33

J band

36,800 evolusi SIMBAD [40][d]
VFTS 566 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 73 164,000 14.05 44,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
LH 64-16 NGC 2001 di LMC 72 160,000 13.666 50,900 evolusi SIMBAD [22][24]
NGC 2044-W35 NGC 2044 di LMC 72 160,000 14.1 48,200 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
VFTS 216 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 72 164,000 14.389 44,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][13]
ST2-1 NGC 2044 di LMC 71 160,000 14.3 44,100 evolusi SIMBAD [22][45]
VFTS 3 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 71 164,000 11.56 21,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [58][2]
Arches-F12 WR 102af in Arches Cluster 70 25,000 16.4

J band

36,900 spektroskopi SIMBAD [29][30]
HD 15629 IC 1805 di Heart Nebula 70 7,500 8.42 45,900 spektroskopi SIMBAD [8][9]
HD 37974 N135 di LMC 70 163,000 10.99 22,500 spektroskopi SIMBAD [59][17][k]
HD 93129 Ab Trumpler 14 di Nebula Carina 70 7,500 7.31

gabungan

44,000 trinary SIMBAD [33][60]
M33 X-7 B Triangulum Galaxy 70 2,700,000 18.7 35,000 biner SIMBAD [61][62]
Sk -69° 194 A NGC 2033 di LMC 70 160,000 12.131

gabungan

45,000 evolusi SIMBAD [22][50][b]
VFTS 125 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 69.6 164,000 16.6 55,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [11][45]
HD 46150 NGC 2244 di Rosette Nebula 69 5,200 6.73 44,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][9]
HD 229059 Berkeley 87 69 3,000 8.7 26,300 evolusi SIMBAD [20][9]
ST2-3 NGC 2044 di LMC 69 160,000 14.264 44,900 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
ST2-32 NGC 2044 di LMC 69 160,000 13.903 45,400 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
W28-23 NGC 2033 di LMC 69 160,000 13.702 51,300 evolusi SIMBAD [22][24]
HD 93403 A Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina 68.5 10,400 8.27

gabungan

39,300 biner SIMBAD [63][17]
HD 93130 Collinder 228 di Nebula Carina 68 10,000 8.04 39,900 evolusi SIMBAD [20][9]
HM 1-8 HM 1 68 11,000 12.52 46,100 evolusi SIMBAD [20][44]
HSH95-47 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 68 163,000 14.72 43,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
HSH95-48 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 68 163,000 14.75 46,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][42]
Westerhout 51-61 Westerhout 51 68 20,000 18.16

J band

38,000 evolusi SIMBAD [6][35]
BAT99-93 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 67 165,000 13.446 45,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][13]
Sk -69° 200 NGC 2033 di LMC 67 160,000 11.18 26,300 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
Arches-F18 Arches Cluster 66.9 25,000 16.7

J band

36,900 spektroskopi SIMBAD [29][30]
Arches-F4 WR 102al in Arches Cluster 66.4 25,000 15.63

J band

36,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [29][30]
BAT99-59 A NGC 2020 di LMC 66 165,000 13.186

gabungan

71,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][13][b]
BAT99-104 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 66 165,000 12.5 63,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][13]
HD 5980 B NGC 346 di SMC 66 200,000 11.31

gabungan

45,000 trinary SIMBAD [64][60]
HD 190429 A near Barnard 146 66 7,800 6.63

gabungan

46,000 biner SIMBAD [65][9]
LH 31-1003 NGC 1858 di LMC 66 160,000 13.186 41,900 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
LH 114-7 N70 di LMC 66 160,000 13.66 50,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][13][l]
Pismis 24-1SW Pismis 24 di NGC 6357 66 6,500 11.1 40,000 biner SIMBAD [55][57]
BAT99-126 NGC 2081 di LMC 65 165,000 13.166 71,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][13]
HSH95-40 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 65 163,000 14.56 47,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
HSH95-58 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 65 163,000 14.8 47,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
HSH95-89 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 65 163,000 14.76 44,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [42]
VFTS 63 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 65 164,000 14.4 42,200 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][45]
VFTS 145 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 65 164,000 14.3 39,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
VFTS 518 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 65 164,000 15.11 44,700 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
Westerhout 49-8 Westerhout 49 65 36,200 15.617

J band

40,700 evolusi SIMBAD [34][35]
BD+43° 3654 Bintang kabur dari Cygnus OB2 64.6 5,400 10.06 40,400 evolusi SIMBAD [66][60]
BAT99-129 A DEM L294 di LMC 64 165,000 14.701

gabungan

79,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][13][m][b]
HSH95-50 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 64 163,000 14.65 47,000 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
Sk -69° 25 NGC 1748 di LMC 64 160,000 11.886 43,600 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
Trumpler 27-23 Trumpler 27 64 3,900 10.09 27,500 evolusi SIMBAD [20][17]
Westerhout 49-5 Westerhout 49 64 36,200 15.623

J band

42,700 evolusi SIMBAD [34][35]
HD 46223 NGC 2244 di Nebula Rosette 63 5,200 7.28 46,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][9]
HD 64568 NGC 2467 di Puppis OB2 63 16,000 9.39 54,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][17]
HD 303308 Trumpler 16 di Nebula Carina 63 9,200 8.17 51,300 evolusi SIMBAD [20][17]
HR 6187 A NGC 6193 di Ara OB1 63 4,300 5.54

gabungan

46,500 Septenary SIMBAD [67][9]
LH 10-3058 NGC 1763 di LMC 63 160,000 14.089 54,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [12][13]
ST5-71 NGC 2074 di LMC 63 160,000 13.266 45,400 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
AB9 DEM S80 di SMC 62 197,000 15.431 100,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [56][46][n]
Brey 32 B NGC 1966 di LMC 62 165,000 12.32

gabungan

43,600 evolusi SIMBAD [22][17]
HD 93160 Trumpler 14 di Nebula Carina 62 8,000 7.6 42,700 evolusi SIMBAD [20][9]
HSH95-35 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 62 163,000 14.43 47,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
LH 41-1017 NGC 1910 di LMC 62 160,000 12.266 42,700 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
Mercer 30-6a A WR 46-4 A in Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula 62 40,000 10.39

J band

29,900 evolusi SIMBAD [40][d][b]
ST4-18 NGC 2081 di LMC 62 160,000 13.639 44,800 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
VFTS 664 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 62 164,000 13.937 39,900 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][13]
HD 229196 Cygnus OB9 61.6 5,000 8.59 40,900 evolusi SIMBAD [66][44]
AB8 B NGC 602 di SMC 61 197,000 12.83

gabungan

45,000 biner SIMBAD [64][68]
BAT99-79 A NGC 2044 di LMC 61 165,000 13.486

gabungan

42,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [1][13][b]
HD 5980 A NGC 346 di SMC 61 200,000 11.31

gabungan

21,000–53,000 trinary SIMBAD [64][60]
LH 41-18 NGC 1910 di LMC 61 160,000 12.586 38,500 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13]
Mercer 30-9 A Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula 61 40,000 12.25

J band

34,500 evolusi SIMBAD [40][d][b]
ST5-25 NGC 2074 di LMC 61 160,000 13.551 48,600 evolusi SIMBAD [22][24]
VFTS 422 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 61 164,000 15.14 39,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
WR 102hb Quintuplet cluster 61 26,000 13.9

J band

25,100 evolusi SIMBAD [69][70]
Sk -67° 166 GKK-A144 di LMC 60.68 160,000 12.22 41,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [49][13][o]
Sk -67° 167 GKK-A144 di LMC 60.68 160,000 12.586 41,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [49][13][o]
Sk -71° 46 BSDL 2242 di LMC 60.68 160,000 13.241 41,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [49][13][p]
Brey 10 NGC 1770 di LMC 60 165,000 12.69 117,000 evolusi SIMBAD [22][17]
Brey 94 A NGC 2081 di LMC 60 165,000 12.996

gabungan

83,000 evolusi SIMBAD [22][13][b]
Brey 95a A NGC 2081 di LMC 60 165,000 12.2

gabungan

83,000 evolusi SIMBAD [22][71][b]
HSH95-55 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 60 163,000 14.74 47,500 evolusi SIMBAD [18][2]
Mercer 30-7 A WR 46-5 A in Mercer 30 di Dragonfish Nebula 60 40,000 11.516

J band

41,400 evolusi SIMBAD [40][d][b]
R134 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 60 164,000 12.75 39,800 spektroskopi SIMBAD [5][2]
R142 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 60 164,000 11.82 18,000 spektroskopi SIMBAD [58][2]
R143 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 60 160,000 12.014 18,000–36,000 evolusi SIMBAD [47][13]
Sk -69° 142a NGC 1983 di LMC 60 160,000 11.093 34,000 evolusi SIMBAD [47][50]
Sk -69° 259 NGC 2081 di LMC 60 160,000 11.93 23,000 evolusi SIMBAD [22][17]
Var 83 Galaksi Triangulum 60 3,000,000 16.027 18,000–37,000 evolusi SIMBAD [72][73]
VFTS 430 Nebula Tarantula di LMC 60 164,000 15.11 24,500 spektroskopi SIMBAD [58][2]

Catatan

sunting
  1. ^ Mass is estimated from hydrogen abundance and luminosity, making it very uncertain.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o This is a binary system but the secondary is much less massive than the primary.
  3. ^ This unusual measurement was made by assuming the star was ejected from a three-body encounter in NGC 3603. This assumption also means that the current star is the result of a merger between two original close binary components. The mass is consistent with evolutionary mass for a star with the observed parameters.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Mercer 30 is an open cluster in Dragonfish Nebula.
  5. ^ N64 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  6. ^ BSDL 1830 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  7. ^ BSDL 2527 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  8. ^ BSDL 2505 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  9. ^ DEM S10 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
  10. ^ Bochum 10 is an open cluster in Carina Nebula.
  11. ^ N135 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  12. ^ N70 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  13. ^ DEM L294 is a H II region in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  14. ^ DEM S80 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
  15. ^ a b GKK-A144 is a stellar association in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  16. ^ BSDL 2242 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.


  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; et al. (May 2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. A comprehensive analysis of the WN class". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474  . Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Doran, E.I.; Crowther, P.A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C.J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N.R.; et al. (October 2013). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 558: A134. arXiv:1308.3412  . Bibcode:2013A&A...558A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321824. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  3. ^ a b c Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; de Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J. (2020-12-01). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS - II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 1918–1936. arXiv:2009.05136  . Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  4. ^ a b c Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (2022-07-26). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical". The Astrophysical Journal. 935 (2): 162. arXiv:2207.13078  . Bibcode:2022ApJ...935..162K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424  . 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Bestenlehner, J.M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J.S.; Najarro, F.; de Koter, A.; Sana, H.; et al. (October 2014). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A38. arXiv:1407.1837  . Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..38B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423643. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  6. ^ a b c d e Bik, A.; Henning, Th.; Wu, S.-W.; Zhang, M.; Brandner, W.; Pasquali, A.; Stolte, A. (April 2019). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of the massive stellar population of W51: evidence for multi-seeded star formation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 624: A63. arXiv:1902.05460  . Bibcode:2019A&A...624A..63B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935061. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  7. ^ a b Bagnulo, S.; Wade, G.A.; Nazé, Y.; Grunhut, J.H.; Shultz, M.E.; Asher, D.J.; et al. (March 2020). "A search for strong magnetic fields in massive and very massive stars in the Magellanic Clouds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 635: A163. arXiv:2002.12061  . Bibcode:2020A&A...635A.163B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937098. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  8. ^ a b c De Becker, M.; Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Eenens, P. (September 2006). "Early-type stars in the young open cluster IC 1805: II. The probably single stars HD 15570 and HD 15629, and the massive binary/triple system HD 15558". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 456 (3): 1121–1130. arXiv:astro-ph/0606379  . Bibcode:2006A&A...456.1121D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065300. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ducati, J.R. (2002). VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system (Laporan). Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2237. CDS/ADC. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D. 
  10. ^ a b Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A.M.T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier (1 April 2019). "Weighing Melnick 34: the most massive binary system known". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 484 (2): 2692–2710. arXiv:1901.04769  . Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2692T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  11. ^ a b c d Schneider, F.R.N.; Sana, H.; Evans, C.J.; Bestenlehner, J.M.; Castro, N.; Fossati, L.; et al. (5 January 2018). "An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 359 (6371): 69–71. arXiv:1801.03107  . Bibcode:2018Sci...359...69S. doi:10.1126/science.aan0106. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29302009. 
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; et al. (May 2002). "A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2". The Astronomical Journal. 123 (5): 2754–2771. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2754W. doi:10.1086/339831  . ISSN 0004-6256. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Bonanos, A.Z.; Massa, D.L.; Sewilo, M.; Lennon, D.J.; Panagia, N.; Smith, L.J.; et al. (1 October 2009). "Spitzer SAGE Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 138 (4): 1003–1021. arXiv:0905.1328  . Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1003B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/4/1003. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  14. ^ a b c d Crowther, Paul A.; Schnurr, Olivier; Hirschi, Raphael; Yusof, Norhasliza; Parker, Richard J.; Goodwin, Simon P.; Kassim, Hasan Abu (21 October 2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 408 (2): 731–751. arXiv:1007.3284  . Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f Melena, Nicholas W.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Zangari, Amanda M. (1 March 2008). "The massive star content of NGC 3603". The Astronomical Journal. 135 (3): 878–891. arXiv:0712.2621  . Bibcode:2008AJ....135..878M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/878. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  16. ^ Evans, C.J.; Walborn, N.R.; Crowther, P.A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Massa, D.; Taylor, W.D.; et al. (1 June 2010). "A massive runaway star from 30 Doradus". The Astrophysical Journal. 715 (2): L74–L79. arXiv:1004.5402  . Bibcode:2010ApJ...715L..74E. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/L74. ISSN 2041-8205. 
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zacharias, N.; Finch, C.T.; Girard, T.M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J.L.; Monet, D.G.; Zacharias, M.I. (July 2012). "VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: I/322A. Originally Published in: 2012yCat.1322....0Z; 2013AJ....145...44Z. 1322. Bibcode:2012yCat.1322....0Z. 
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brands, S.; de Koter, A.; Bestenlehner, J.; Crowther, P.; Sundqvist, J.; Puls, J.; et al. (7 April 2022). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. III. The most massive stars and their clumped winds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 663: A36. arXiv:2202.11080  . Bibcode:2022A&A...663A..36B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142742. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  19. ^ Roman-Lopes, A.; Franco, G.A.P.; Sanmartim, D. (26 May 2016). "SOAR Optical and Near-infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Newly Discovered Massive Stars in the Periphery of Galactic Massive Star Clusters I-NGC 3603". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (2): 96. arXiv:1604.01096  . Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...96R. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/96  . ISSN 1538-4357. 
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Massey, Philip; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen; Waterhouse, Elizabeth (February 2001). "The progenitor masses of Wolf-Rayet stars and luminous blue variables determined from cluster turnoffs. II. Results from 12 galactic clusters and OB associations". The Astronomical Journal. 121 (2): 1050–1070. arXiv:astro-ph/0010654  . Bibcode:2001AJ....121.1050M. doi:10.1086/318769. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  21. ^ Vázquez, R.A.; Baume, G. (June 2001). "The open cluster Havlen-Moffat no. 1 revisited". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 371 (3): 908–920. Bibcode:2001A&A...371..908V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010410  . ISSN 0004-6361. 
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Massey, Philip; Waterhouse, Elizabeth; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen (May 2000). "The progenitor masses of Wolf-Rayet stars and luminous blue variables determined from cluster turnoffs. I. Results from 19 OB associations in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (5): 2214–2241. arXiv:astro-ph/0002233  . Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2214M. doi:10.1086/301345. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  23. ^ Fabricius, C.; Høg, E.; Makarov, V.V.; Mason, B.D.; Wycoff, G.L.; Urban, S.E. (March 2002). "The Tycho double star catalogue". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 384 (1): 180–189. Bibcode:2002A&A...384..180F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011822  . ISSN 0004-6361. 
  24. ^ a b c d Zaritsky, Dennis; Harris, Jason; Thompson, Ian B.; Grebel, Eva K. (October 2004). "The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: The Large Magellanic Cloud Stellar Catalog and Extinction Map". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (4): 1606–1614. arXiv:astro-ph/0407006  . Bibcode:2004AJ....128.1606Z. doi:10.1086/423910. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  25. ^ Drew, J.E.; Herrero, A.; Mohr-Smith, M.; Monguió, M.; Wright, N.J.; Kupfer, T.; Napiwotzki, R. (21 October 2018). "Massive stars in the hinterland of the young cluster, Westerlund 2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 480 (2): 2109–2124. arXiv:1807.06486  . Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2109D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1905. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  26. ^ Vargas Álvarez, Carlos A.; Kobulnicky, Henry A.; Bradley, David R.; Kannappan, Sheila J.; Norris, Mark A.; Cool, Richard J.; Miller, Brendan P. (25 March 2013). "The distance to the massive galactic cluster Westerlund 2 from a spectroscopic and HST photometric study". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (5): 125. arXiv:1302.0863  . Bibcode:2013AJ....145..125V. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/5/125. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  27. ^ a b c d Hamann, W.-R.; Gräfener, G.; Liermann, A.; Hainich, R.; Sander, A.a.C.; Shenar, T.; et al. (1 May 2019). "The galactic WN stars revisited - impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics (dalam bahasa Inggris). 625: A57. arXiv:1904.04687  . Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..57H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  28. ^ Samus, N.N.; Kazarovets, E.V.; Durlevich, O.V.; Kireeva, N.N.; Pastukhova, E.N. (January 2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2017ARep...61...80S; 2017AZh....94...87S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S. 
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h Gräfener, G.; Vink, J.S.; de Koter, A.; Langer, N. (November 2011). "The Eddington factor as the key to understand the winds of the most massive stars: Evidence for a Γ-dependence of Wolf-Rayet type mass loss". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 535: A56. arXiv:1106.5361  . Bibcode:2011A&A...535A..56G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116701. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Figer, Donald F.; Najarro, Francisco; Gilmore, Diane; Morris, Mark; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Serabyn, Eugene; et al. (10 December 2002). "Massive Stars in the Arches Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 581 (1): 258–275. arXiv:astro-ph/0208145  . Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..258F. doi:10.1086/344154. ISSN 0004-637X. 
  31. ^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. (May 2012). "On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A145. arXiv:1202.3991  . Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  32. ^ Laur, Jaan; Kolka, Indrek; Eenmäe, Tõnis; Tuvikene, Taavi; Leedjärv, Laurits (February 2017). "Variability survey of brightest stars in selected OB associations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 598: A108. arXiv:1611.02452  . Bibcode:2017A&A...598A.108L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629395. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  33. ^ a b Nelan, Edmund P.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Wallace, Debra J.; Moffat, Anthony F.J.; Makidon, Russell B.; Gies, Douglas R.; Panagia, Nino (July 2004). "Resolving OB systems in the Carina nebula with the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (1): 323–329. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..323N. doi:10.1086/420716  . ISSN 0004-6256. 
  34. ^ a b c d Wu, Shi-Wei; Bik, Arjan; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Henning, Thomas; Pasquali, Anna; Brandner, Wolfgang; Stolte, Andrea (May 2016). "The massive stellar population of W49: A spectroscopic survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 589: A16. arXiv:1602.05190  . Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..16W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527823. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  35. ^ a b c d e f Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; et al. (2003). VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003) (Laporan). Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2246. CDS/ADC. hlm. II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C. 
  36. ^ Tramper, F.; Sana, H.; Fitzsimons, N.E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Mahy, L.; Moffat, A. (11 January 2016). "The mass of the very massive binary WR21a". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 455 (2): 1275–1281. arXiv:1510.03609  . Bibcode:2016MNRAS.455.1275T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2373. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  37. ^ Oskinova, L. M.; Steinke, M.; Hamann, W.-R.; Sander, A.; Todt, H.; Liermann, A. (21 December 2013). "One of the most massive stars in the Galaxy may have formed in isolation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 436 (4): 3357–3365. arXiv:1309.7651  . Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436.3357O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1817. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  38. ^ Clementel, N.; Madura, T.I.; Kruip, C.J.H.; Paardekooper, J.-P.; Gull, T.R. (1 March 2015). "3D radiative transfer simulations of Eta Carinae's inner colliding winds - I. Ionization structure of helium at apastron". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 447 (3): 2445–2458. arXiv:1412.7569  . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447.2445C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2614. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  39. ^ Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.; Pittard, Julian M.; Sharma, Neetika; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Russell, Christopher M.P.; et al. (September 2018). "Non-thermal X-rays from colliding wind shock acceleration in the massive binary Eta Carinae". Nature Astronomy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2 (9): 731–736. arXiv:1904.09219  . Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..731H. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0505-1. ISSN 2397-3366. 
  40. ^ a b c d e f de la Fuente, D.; Najarro, F.; Borissova, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Hanson, M.M.; Trombley, C.; et al. (May 2016). "Probing the Dragonfish star-forming complex: The ionizing population of the young massive cluster Mercer 30". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 589: A69. arXiv:1602.02503  . Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..69D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528004. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  41. ^ Rivero González, J.G.; Puls, J.; Najarro, F.; Brott, I. (January 2012). "Nitrogen line spectroscopy of O-stars: II. Surface nitrogen abundances for O-stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 537: A79. arXiv:1110.5148  . Bibcode:2012A&A...537A..79R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117790. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  42. ^ a b c Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S.M.; Bostroem, K.A.; Apellániz, J. Maíz; Schneider, F.R.N.; Walborn, N.R.; et al. (1 May 2016). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope / STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He{{supii}} λ1640 in young star clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 458 (1): 624–659. arXiv:1603.04994  . Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..624C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw273. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  43. ^ a b Sana, H.; van Boeckel, T.; Tramper, F.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; et al. (15 March 2013). "R144 revealed as a double-lined spectroscopic binary". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters (dalam bahasa Inggris). 432 (1): L26–L30. arXiv:1304.4591  . Bibcode:2013MNRAS.432L..26S. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt029. ISSN 1745-3933. 
  44. ^ a b c d Reed, B. Cameron (May 2003). "Catalog of Galactic OB Stars". The Astronomical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 125 (5): 2531–2533. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.2531R. doi:10.1086/374771  . ISSN 0004-6256. 
  45. ^ a b c d e Schild, H.; Testor, G. (March 1992). "Spectral types and UBV magnitudes of stars in the 30 Doradus complex". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 92: 729–748. Bibcode:1992A&AS...92..729S. ISSN 0365-0138. 
  46. ^ a b c d Bonanos, A.Z.; Lennon, D.J.; Köhlinger, F.; van Loon, J.Th.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; et al. (1 August 2010). "Spitzer SAGE-SMC infrared photometry of massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 140 (2): 416–429. arXiv:1004.0949  . Bibcode:2010AJ....140..416B. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/2/416. hdl:1887/61635. ISSN 0004-6256. 
  47. ^ a b c Smith, Nathan; Tombleson, Ryan (11 February 2015). "Luminous blue variables are antisocial: their isolation implies that they are kicked mass gainers in binary evolution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 447 (1): 598–617. arXiv:1406.7431  . Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447..598S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2430. ISSN 1365-2966. 
  48. ^ Evans, C.J.; Lennon, D.J.; Smartt, S. J.; Trundle, C. (September 2006). "The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 456 (2): 623–638. arXiv:astro-ph/0606405  . Bibcode:2006A&A...456..623E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064988. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  49. ^ a b c d e Massa, D.; Fullerton, A. W.; Prinja, R. K. (September 2017). "Mass-loss rates from mid-infrared excesses in LMC and SMC O stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (dalam bahasa Inggris). 470 (3): 3765–3774. arXiv:1706.02627  . Bibcode:2017MNRAS.470.3765M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1443. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  50. ^ a b c Ulaczyk, K.; Szymański, M.K.; Udalski, A.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzyński, G.; Soszyński, I.; et al. (1 June 2013). "Variable Stars from the OGLE-III Shallow Survey in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Acta Astronomica. 63 (2): 159–179. arXiv:1306.4802  . Bibcode:2013AcA....63..159U. ISSN 0001-5237. 
  51. ^ Weidner, C.; Vink, J.S. (December 2010). "The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 524: A98. arXiv:1010.2204  . Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..98W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014491. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  52. ^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Broos, Patrick S.; Pollock, Andrew M T.; Townsley, Leisa K. (2022). "Melnick 33Na: A very massive colliding-wind binary system in 30 Doradus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 510 (4): 6133–6149. arXiv:2112.00022  . Bibcode:2022MNRAS.510.6133B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3521. 
  53. ^ Castro, N.; Crowther, P. A.; Evans, C.J.; Mackey, J.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Vink, J.S.; et al. (2018). "Mapping the core of the Tarantula Nebula with VLT-MUSE. I. Spectral and nebular content around R136". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 614: 12. arXiv:1802.01597  . Bibcode:2018A&A...614A.147C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732084. A147. 
  54. ^ a b Rauw, G.; Crowther, P.A.; de Becker, M.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; et al. (March 2005). "The spectrum of the very massive binary system WR 20a (WN6ha + WN6ha): Fundamental parameters and wind interactions". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 432 (3): 985–998. Bibcode:2005A&A...432..985R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042136  . ISSN 0004-6361. 
  55. ^ a b c Fang, M.; van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, Th.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; et al. (March 2012). "Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A119. arXiv:1201.0833  . Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  56. ^ a b Hainich, R.; Pasemann, D.; Todt, H.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W. -R (2015). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Analysis of the single WN stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581 (21): 30. arXiv:1507.04000  . Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..21H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526241. 
  57. ^ a b Skiff, B. A. (October 2014). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009- )". VizieR On-Line Data Catalog: B/Mk. Originally Published in: Lowell Observatory (October 2014). 1. Bibcode:2014yCat....1.2023S. 
  58. ^ a b c McEvoy, C.M.; Dufton, P.L.; Evans, C.J.; Kalari, V.M.; Markova, N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; et al. (March 2015). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XIX. B-type supergiants: Atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances to investigate the role of binarity and the width of the main sequence⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575: A70. arXiv:1412.2705  . Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..70M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425202. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  59. ^ Kastner, Joel H.; Buchanan, Catherine L.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J. (10 February 2006). "Spitzer Spectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B[e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astrophysical Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 638 (1): L29–L32. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638L..29K. doi:10.1086/500804  . ISSN 0004-637X. 
  60. ^ a b c d Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V.V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; et al. (March 2000). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 355: L27–L30. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  61. ^ Orosz, Jerome A.; McClintock, Jeffrey E.; Narayan, Ramesh; Bailyn, Charles D.; Hartman, Joel D.; Macri, Lucas; et al. (October 2007). "A 15.65-solar-mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 449 (7164): 872–875. arXiv:0710.3165  . Bibcode:2007Natur.449..872O. doi:10.1038/nature06218. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17943124. 
  62. ^ Grimm, H.-J.; McDowell, J.; Zezas, A.; Kim, D.-W.; Fabbiano, G. (December 2005). "The X-Ray Binary Population in M33. I. Source List and Luminosity Function". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (dalam bahasa Inggris). 161 (2): 271–303. arXiv:astro-ph/0506353  . Bibcode:2005ApJS..161..271G. doi:10.1086/468185. ISSN 0067-0049. 
  63. ^ Rauw, G.; Sana, H.; Gosset, E.; Vreux, J.-M.; Jehin, E.; Parmentier, G. (August 2000). "A new orbital solution for the massive binary system HD 93403". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 360: 1003–1010. Bibcode:2000A&A...360.1003R. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  64. ^ a b c Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A.F.J.; et al. (July 2016). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 591: A22. arXiv:1604.01022  . Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  65. ^ Bouret, J.-C.; Hillier, D.J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A.W. (2012). "Properties of galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A67. arXiv:1205.3075  . Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..67B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594. 
  66. ^ a b Comerón, F.; Pasquali, A. (July 2012). "New members of the massive stellar population in Cygnus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: A101. Bibcode:2012A&A...543A.101C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219022  . ISSN 0004-6361. 
  67. ^ Krtička, J.; Kubát, J.; Krtičková, I. (July 2015). "X-ray irradiation of the winds in binaries with massive components". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 579: A111. arXiv:1505.03411  . Bibcode:2015A&A...579A.111K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525637. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  68. ^ Massey, Philip (July 2002). "A UBVR CCD Survey of the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (dalam bahasa Inggris). 141 (1): 81–122. arXiv:astro-ph/0110531  . Bibcode:2002ApJS..141...81M. doi:10.1086/338286. ISSN 0067-0049. 
  69. ^ Liermann, Adriane; Hamann, Wolf-Rainer; Oskinova, Lidia M.; Todt, Helge (January 2011). "High-mass stars in the Galactic center Quintuplet cluster". Société Royale des Sciences de Liège, Bulletin. 80: 160–164. Bibcode:2011BSRSL..80..160L. ISSN 0037-9565. 
  70. ^ Clark, J.S.; Lohr, M.E.; Patrick, L.R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D.F. (October 2018). "An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 618: A2. arXiv:1805.10139  . Bibcode:2018A&A...618A...2C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833041. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  71. ^ Testor, G.; Niemela, V. (June 1998). "The OB associations LH 101 and LH 104 in the HII region N158 of the LMC". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 130 (3): 527–538. Bibcode:1998A&AS..130..527T. doi:10.1051/aas:1998241  . ISSN 0365-0138. 
  72. ^ Burggraf, B.; Weis, K.; Bomans, D.J. (December 2006). "LBVs in M33: Their environments and ages". Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity: Mass loss, explosions, cosmology. ASP Conference Series. 353. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. hlm. 245. Bibcode:2006ASPC..353..245B. ISSN 1050-3390. 
  73. ^ Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Smart, Brianna M. (19 August 2016). "A spectroscopic survey of massive stars in M31 and M33". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 62. arXiv:1604.00112  . Bibcode:2016AJ....152...62M. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/62  . ISSN 1538-3881. 
Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daftar_bintang_paling_masif&oldid=25645326"