English: Following the defeat of Antiochus VII (died 129 BC) against Pathia, Syria contracted to the west of the Euphrates.^[1] Parthia established the river as its western border and included Osroene.^[2] To the north, the kingdom of Commagene bordered the Euphrates in the East, Cappadocia in the north (and included Melitene (Malatya) in its borders), the Amanus range in the west and Syria in the south (where Zeugma was the first Syrian city).^[3] In the west, Cilicia between the Calycadnus river (Göksu) and the Orontes valley was under the rule of the Seleucids;^[4][5] the Romans established a province of Cilicia in 102 BC but it did not include areas geographically in the region and the city of Side was the eastern point of that province.^[6] In the south, Galilee fell to Judae except for the coastal city Ptolemais (Acre);^[7][8] the latter remained part of Syria until the end of the Seleucid dynasty in 64 BC,^[9] and it was the base for Antiochus X's widow Cleopatra Selene,^[10] who was probably a resident of the city when her husband died.^[11] Gadara was the Kingdom's southern city.^[12]