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Avro Vulcan

Pengebom strategis buatan Avro

Avro Vulcan (Hawker Siddeley Vulcan) adalah pesawat pembom strategis yang digunakan oleh Royal Air Force pada tahun 1953-1984. Bersama Handley Victor dan Vickers Valiant, pesawat ini adalah bagian dari trio "V-Bom". Avro Vulcan adalah jet pembom strategis sayap delta yang dioperasikan oleh Royal Air Force (RAF) dari tahun 1956 sampai 1984. Beberapa pesawat seperti Avro 707 diproduksi untuk perbaikan desain prinsip sayap delta.

Avro Vulcan
Vulcan B.2 XL426 as part of the RAF Vulcan Display Flight, 1985
Jenis Pengebom Strategis
Negara asal Britania Raya
Pembuat Avro
Hawker Siddeley Aviation
Penerbangan perdana 30 Agustus 1952
Pengenalan September 1956
Dipensiunkan Maret 1984 (Royal Air Force)
Oktober 2015 (XH558)
Status Pensiun
Pengguna utama Royal Air Force
Dibuat 1956–1965
Jumlah 136 (Termasuk Prototipe)
Harga satuan £750,000 (1956)[1]
Varian Avro Atlantic

Pesawat produsen AV Roe dan Perusahaan ( Avro ) merancang Vulcan dalam menanggapi Spesifikasi B.35/46. Dari tiga pembom V yang diproduksi, Vulcan dianggap sebagai pilihan yang paling berisiko.

Bomber strategis ini pertama kali terbang pada bulan Mei 1960 dan telah dibuat sebanyak 136 unit untuk semua seri Vulcan dan termasuk prototipe. Khusus untuk Vulcan seri ini (XH558) tidak dioperasikan lagi oleh militer Inggris sejak tahun 1993, kini hanya tinggal Vulcan untuk keperluan sipil yang dioperasikan oleh Vulcan To The Sky Trust.

Sampai akhir tahun 2013, Vulcan XH558 tidak akan terbang lagi, seperti yang dikatakan oleh CEO Vulcan To The Sky Trust Dr Robert Pleming. Hal itu karena besarnya biaya modifikasi sayap yang sebesar 200 ribu poundsterling dan meningkatnya kemungkinan kerusakan mesin, Pleming mengatakan bahwa mesin pengganti sulit untuk ditemukan.

Referensi

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  1. ^ Brookes and Davey 2009, p. 9.
  • Austin, Steve. "Workhorse (V-Bombers: Test-bed Vulcan)." FlyPast, No. 335, June 2009, pp. 108–113.
  • Baxter, Alan. Olympus: The First Forty Years. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1990. ISBN 978-0-9511710-9-7.
  • Blackman, Tony. Vulcan Test Pilot: My Experiences in the Cockpit of a Cold War Icon. London: Grub Street, 2007. ISBN 978-1-904943-88-4.
  • Braybrook, Roy. Battle for the Falklands: Air Forces.[pranala nonaktif permanen] Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1982. ISBN 0-85045-493-X.
  • Brookes, Andrew and Chris Davey. Vulcan Units of The Cold War (Osprey Combat Aircraft: 72).[pranala nonaktif permanen] Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84603-297-4.
  • Bull, Stephen. Encyclopedia of Military Technology And Innovation. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. ISBN 978-1-57356-557-8.
  • Buttler, Tony. "Avro Type 698 Vulcan (Database)." Aeroplane, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007.
  • Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Jet Bombers Since 1949. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland, 2003. ISBN 1-85780-130-X.
  • Buttler, Tony. "Vital Bombers: Origins of the RAF's 'V-Bomber' Force". Air Enthusiast, No. 79, January/February 1999, pp. 28–41. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Darling Kev. Avro Vulcan. North Branch, USA: Speciality Press, 1999. ISBN 1-58007-023-X.
  • Darling, Kev. Avro Vulcan, Part One (RAF Illustrated). Vale of Glamorgan Wales, UK: Big Bird Aviation Publication, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84799-237-6.
  • Dawson, T.W.G., G.F. Kitchen and G.B. Glider. Measurements of the Radar Echoing Area of the Vulcan by the Optical Simulation Method. Farnborough, Hants, UK: Royal Aircraft Establishment, September 1957 National Archive Catologue file, AVIA 6/20895
  • Fildes, David. "Buck Rogers in the 20th Century: The Origins of the Vulcan." Aeroplane, Vol. 36, No. 3, Issue No. 419, March 2008.
  • Frawley, Gerard. The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002-2003. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.
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  • Gunston, Bill. "The V-bombers: Avro Vulcan - Part 3". Aeroplane Monthly, Vol. 8, No. 12, December 1980, pp. 620–626. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore. Avro Vulcan: The History and Development of a Classic Jet. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2006. ISBN 1-84415-426-2.
  • Hamilton-Paterson, James. Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World. London: Faber & Faber, 2010. ISBN 978-0-571-24794-3.
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  • Jackson, A. J. Avro Aircraft Since 1908, 2nd Edition. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-834-8.
  • Jackson, Paul. "Vulcan: Delta Force". Wings of Fame, Volume 3. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. pp. 34–95. ISBN 1-874023-70-0. ISSN 1361-2034.
  • Jackson, Robert. Combat Aircraft Prototypes since 1945. New York: Arco/Prentice Hall Press, 1986. ISBN 0-671-61953-5.
  • Jefford, Wing Commander C.G. MBE,BA,RAF (Ret'd). RAF Squadrons:, A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R. B-1 Lancer: The Most Complicated Warplane Ever Developed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. ISBN 0-07-134694-5.
  • Jones, Barry. V-Bombers: Valiant, Victor and Vulcan. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, Paperback edition, 2007. ISBN 978-1-86126-945-4.
  • Jones, Barry. "Black Buck - The Swansong." Aeroplane, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007.
  • Kingsley, Simon and Shaun Quegan. Understanding Radar Systems. Raleigh, North Carolina: SciTech Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-891121-05-7.
  • Lake, Alan. Flying Units of the RAF: The Ancestry, Formation and Disbandment of all Flying Units since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.
  • Laming, Tim. The Vulcan Story: 1952-2002, Second Edition. Enderby, Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books, 2002. ISBN 1-85605-701-1.
  • Leitch, Andy. "V Force Arsenal: Weapons for the Valiant, Victor and Vulcan". Air Enthusiast, No. 107, September/October 2003, pp. 52–59. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Polmar, Norman and Dana Bell. One Hundred Years of World Military Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. ISBN 1-59114-686-0.
  • Price, Alfred, Tony Blackman and Andrew Edmondson. Avro Vulcan Manual: An Insight into Owning, Restoring, Servicing and Flying Britain's Legendary Cold War Bomber (Owner's Workshop Manual). Sparkford, Somerset, UK: Haynes, 2010. ISBN 1-84425-831-9.
  • Richardson, Doug. Stealth Warplanes. North Branch, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-1051-3.
  • Seddon, J. and E. L. Goldsmith. Intake Aerodynamics (Aiaa Education Series). Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. ISBN 1-56347-361-5.
  • Segell, Glen. Wither or dither: British Aerospace Collaborative Procurement with Europe. London: Glen Segell Publishers, 1997. ISBN 1-901414-03-5.
  • Stephens, Alan. Power Plus Attitude: Ideas, Strategy and Doctrine in the Royal Australian Air Force, 1921-1991. Canberra, Australia: AGPS Press, 1992. ISBN 0-644-24388-0.
  • Vulcan B.Mk.1A Pilot's Notes (AP 4505C–PN). London: Air Ministry, 1961.
  • Vulcan B.Mk.2 Aircrew Manual (AP101B-1902-15). London: Air Ministry, 1984.
  • Wansbrough-White, Gordon. Names With Wings: The Names & Naming Systems of Aircraft & Engines Flown by the British Armed Forces 1878-1984. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1995. ISBN 1-85310-491-4.
  • White, Rowland. Vulcan 607: The Epic Story of the Most Remarkable British Air Attack since WWII. London: Bantam Press, 2006. ISBN 0-593-05391-5.
  • Willis, David. "Avro Vulcan survivors." Aeroplane, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007.
  • Wilson, Stewart. Lincoln, Canberra & F-111 in Australian service. Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 1989. ISBN 0-9587978-3-8.
  • Wynn, Humphrey. RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Origins, Roles and Deployment 1946-1969. London: The Stationery Office, 1997. ISBN 0-11-772833-0.

Bacaan

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  • Arnold, Lorna. Britain And The H-Bomb. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. ISBN 0-333-94742-8.
  • Bullman, Craig. The Vulcan B.Mk2 From a Different Angle. Bishop Auckland, UK: Pentland Press Ltd, 2001. ISBN 978-1-85821-899-1.
  • Chesnau, Roger and Ray Rimell. Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 (Aeroguide 29). Ringshall, Suffolk, UK: Ad Hoc Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-946958-39-4.
  • Dodds, Colin. "Flying the Tin Triangle." Aeroplane, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007.
  • Holmes, Harry. Avro: The History of an Aircraft Company. Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2004. ISBN 1-86126-651-0.
  • McLelland, Tim. The Avro Vulcan: A Complete History. Manchester, UK: Crécy Publishing Limited, 2007. ISBN 978-0-85979-127-4.

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