AP1000
AP1000 adalah pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir yang dirancang dan dijual oleh Westinghouse Electric Company.[1] Pembangkit ini adalah reaktor air bertekanan dengan peningkatan penggunaan keselamatan nuklir pasif dan banyak fitur desain yang dimaksudkan untuk menurunkan biaya modal dan meningkatkan ekonominya.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Desain menelusuri sejarahnya ke desain system 80, yang diproduksi di berbagai lokasi di seluruh dunia. Pengembangan lebih lanjut dari sistem 80 pada awalnya mengarah ke konsep AP600, dengan output 600 hingga 700 MWe yang lebih kecil, tetapi minat ini terbatas. Untuk bersaing dengan desain lain yang ditingkatkan ukurannya untuk meningkatkan biaya modal, desain tersebut muncul kembali sebagai AP1000 dan menemukan sejumlah keunggulan desain pada ukuran yang lebih besar.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
Enam AP1000 saat ini sedang beroperasi atau sedang dibangun. Empat berlokasi di dua lokasi di China, dua di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Sanmen dan dua di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Haiyang. Dua sedang dibangun di Pembangkit Listrik Vogtle di Amerika Serikat, sementara dua lainnya di Virgil C. Stasiun Pembangkit Nuklir Musim Panas dibatalkan pada 2017. Pada 2019, keempat pembangkit China telah menyelesaikan konstruksi dan berada pada berbagai tahap penyambungan. ke jaringan. Konstruksi di Vogtle telah mengalami banyak penundaan dan Unit 3 sekarang diharapkan akan selesai pada tahun 2021. Pembengkakan biaya di Vogtle dan pembatalan Musim Panas menyebabkan kebangkrutan Westinghouse pada tahun 2017.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]
AP1000 pertama mulai beroperasi di China di Sanmen, di mana Unit 1 menjadi AP1000 pertama yang mencapai kekritisan pada Juni 2018, dan terhubung ke jaringan pada bulan berikutnya. Pembuatan lebih lanjut di China akan didasarkan pada desain CAP1400 yang dimodifikasi.[37][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]
Referensi
sunting- ^ Situs web resmi AP1000® Pressurized Water Reactor Westinghouse Electric Company
- ^ "Chinese AP1000s pass commissioning milestones". www.world-nuclear-news.org. 22 June 2018. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2018.
- ^ The System 80 Diarsipkan 2007-12-30 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Combustion To Merge With ABB". The New York Times. 14 November 1989.
- ^ Matzie, R.A.; Ritterbusch, S.E. (1999). System 80+ standard plant: Design and operations overview. International symposium on evolutionary water cooled reactors. International Atomic Energy Agency.
- ^ Gangloff, W. Westinghouse AP600 Advanced Nuclear Plant Design (PDF) (Laporan teknis). IAEA.
- ^ "Toshiba Acquires Westinghouse From BNFL". BusinessWire. 6 February 2006.
- ^ "AP 1000 Public Safety and Licensing". Westinghouse. 2004-09-13. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (web) tanggal 2007-08-07. Diakses tanggal 2008-01-21.
- ^ Wald, Matthew L. (2011-12-22). "N.R.C. Clears Way for Nuclear Plant Construction". The New York Times.
- ^ "First new nuclear reactors OK'd in over 30 years". CNN. 2012-02-09.
- ^ Mochizuki, Takashi. "Toshiba Expects Write-Down of as Much as Several Billion Dollars". Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2016.
- ^ Makiko Yamazaki, Taiga Uranaka (14 February 2017). "Delays, confusion as Toshiba reports $6.3 billion nuclear hit and slides to loss". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 14 February 2017.
- ^ "Toshiba chairman quits over nuclear loss". BBC News. 14 February 2017. Diakses tanggal 14 February 2017.
- ^ Karishma Vaswani (14 February 2017). "Toshiba: Why troubled Japanese firms survive". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 14 February 2017.
- ^ Fuse, Taro (24 March 2017). "Toshiba decides on Westinghouse bankruptcy, sees $9 billion in charges: sources". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2017.
- ^ "Westinghouse emerges from Chapter 11 - World Nuclear News". www.world-nuclear-news.org. Diakses tanggal 27 August 2018.
- ^ T.L. Schulz (2006). "Westinghouse AP1000 advanced passive plant". Nuclear Engineering and Design. 236 (14–16): 1547–1557. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.175.1734 . doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.03.049.
- ^ Adrian Bull (16 November 2010), "The AP1000 Nuclear Power Plant - Global Experience and UK Prospects" (PDF), Westinghouse UK, Nuclear Institute, diarsipkan dari versi asli (presentation) tanggal 22 July 2011, diakses tanggal 14 May 2011
- ^ [1] Diarsipkan 2013-05-14 di Wayback Machine. Westinghouse AP 1000 Step 2 PSA Assessment
- ^ Westinghouse certain of safety, efficiency of nuclear power, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 29, 2009
- ^ "UK AP1000 Pre-Construction Safety Report" (PDF). UKP-GW-GL-732 Revision 2 explains the design of the reactor safety systems as part of the process of seeking approval for construction in the UK. Westinghouse Electric Company. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2011-07-17. Diakses tanggal 2010-02-23.
- ^ "NRC: Issued Design Certification - Advanced Passive 1000 (AP1000)". www.nrc.gov.
- ^ "Issued Design Certification - Advanced Passive 1000 (AP1000), Rev. 15 Design Certification Rule for the AP1000 Design".
- ^ "Design Certification Application Review - AP1000 Amendment".
- ^ "Groups say new Vogyle Reactors need study". August Chronicle. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-07. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-24.
- ^ Matthew L. Wald. Critics Challenge Safety of New Reactor Design New York Times, April 22, 2010.
- ^ Piore, Adam (June 2011). "Nuclear energy: Planning for the Black Swan". Scientific American.
- ^ Robynne Boyd. Safety Concerns Delay Approval of the First U.S. Nuclear Reactor in Decades. Scientific American, July 29, 2010.
- ^ Matthew L. Wald (March 2011). "Reactor Design Edges Toward Approval, but Not Without Complaints". The New York Times Company. Diakses tanggal 15 May 2014.
- ^ AP1000 containment insufficient for DBA, engineer claims Diarsipkan June 13, 2011, di Wayback Machine. Nuclear Engineering International, 29 April 2010.
- ^ ACRS Concludes AP1000 Maintains Robustness of Previously Certified Design and is Safe Diarsipkan October 8, 2011, di Wayback Machine. Westinghouse. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Matthew L. Wald, Washington DC, “Regulators Find Design Flaws in New Reactors” New York Times, 20 May 2011.
- ^ “Fukushima and the Westinghouse-Toshiba AP1000: A Report for The AP1000 Oversight Group” Diarsipkan 2018-08-13 di Wayback Machine. Arnie Gundersen, November 10, 2011
- ^ "Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con". New York Times. February 25, 2012.
- ^ "The world's largest canned motor pump". Nuclear Engineering International. 1 January 2013. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2019.
- ^ "China nuclear plant delay raises safety concern" Eric Ng, 7 October 2013, published in South China Morning Post
- ^ a b "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. 2 July 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 31 July 2010. Diakses tanggal 18 July 2010.
- ^ Lin Tian (27 June 2013). "CAP 1400 Design & Construction" (PDF). SNPTC. IAEA. Diakses tanggal 20 September 2016.
- ^ "CAP1400 preliminary safety review approved". World Nuclear News. 9 September 2014. Diakses tanggal 10 September 2014.
- ^ "Large-scale Chinese reactor design passes IAEA safety review". World Nuclear News. 5 May 2016. Diakses tanggal 20 September 2016.
- ^ "New reactor design taking shape in China". World Nuclear News. 15 January 2014. Diakses tanggal 16 January 2014.
- ^ "China looks forward to reactor firsts". World Nuclear News. 14 September 2015. Diakses tanggal 24 September 2015.
- ^ Liao Liang (September 2015). Introduction of CAP1400 (PDF). SNERDI (Laporan). IAEA. Diakses tanggal 24 February 2016.
- ^ "CAP1400 reactor vessel passes pressure tests". World Nuclear News. 22 March 2017. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2017.
- ^ "KSB coolant pump certified for use in Chinese NPPs". Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2019. Diakses tanggal 11 September 2020.
- ^ "China readying for nuclear expansion, says Zheng". World Nuclear News. 11 September 2020. Diakses tanggal 11 September 2020.
- ^ "上海核工院召开专家技术咨询会". 上海核电办公室. Diakses tanggal 24 August 2019.